What color are mountains shown on maps? What color are plains and mountains indicated on a physical map? What color are bodies of water indicated on a physical map.

The outline of land areas, terrain and local objects are indicated on the map with color and symbols. So, fields and meadows are light green; various reservoirs - blue; sands - yellow; hills, mountains - dark yellow and various tones of brown; trails, dirt roads, buildings in populated areas - gray or brown.

Conventional signs, usually close in design to the actual shapes of objects, are divided into four main groups:

1) Contour or scale signs (Fig. 36), they denote large-sized objects that can be expressed on a map scale - areas of forest, meadows, arable land, lakes, swamps, large rivers, sands, etc. Their boundaries contours are indicated by solid lines or dots in accordance with the actual contours on the ground. The area inside the outline is covered with appropriate paints and filled with additional symbols.

2) Off-scale signs (Fig. 37) are used to designate important, small-sized objects that cannot be expressed on the map scale. These include wintering quarters, wells, some landmarks - various towers, factory chimneys, radio masts, etc. These images on the map are enlarged, and it is impossible to judge from them the actual size of the objects.

3) Roads, trails, streams, power lines and other linear images, the scale of which reflects only the length, occupy an intermediate position between scale and non-scale signs and are called linear (Fig. 38).

4) Explanatory signs - abbreviations, names, numbers that explain the meaning of the symbol. For example, lake - lake, pass - lane, river - river; proper names of objects and inscriptions that provide additional characteristics. For example, in the outline of the forest the inscription “ber. 30/35-5" means: birch, height 30 m, diameter 35 cm, distance between trees 5 m, or at the summit sign the number indicates height, etc.

Terrain image. The most visual and accurate way to depict the terrain is the method of contour lines with digital elevation marks. Horizontal lines are closed curved lines that connect points located at the same height above sea level (Fig. 39). Horizontal lines clearly convey relief shapes. Using them, you can determine the height of terrain points. Horizontal lines are drawn at intervals of equal height, which are called section heights. The following section heights are accepted on the maps: 10 m for a map of scale 1: 50,000; 20 m - 1: 100,000; 40 m - 1:200,000.

Highlands and lowlands of the terrain - basins - are indicated by the same horizontal lines. Berghatches are used to distinguish between highs and lows. Berghstrich is a short line, located perpendicular to the horizontal in the direction of lower terrain. The steepness of the slope when depicting the relief using the contour line method is indicated by the convergence or stretching in the arrangement of the contour lines. The closer the horizontal lines are to each other, the steeper the slope. However, the maximum steepness of the slope, depicted by horizontal lines, does not exceed 45°. Steeper slopes are represented by conventional signs - ravines, cliffs. They are shown on maps and plans in dark brown. On small-scale maps, for greater clarity, the hillshading method is used along with contour lines. Its essence lies in the thickening of the shadows as the steepness of the slope increases. Shading is done with gray or brown paint. Flat surfaces remain white.

Grid on maps. When determining the location of objects - landmarks, standing points - on a map, coordinate grids are used, which allow you to quickly find or indicate the exact position of a particular terrain point. Coordinates are angular or linear quantities that determine the position of points on any surface (on the earth’s surface, on a map) or in space. Geographic coordinates are angular values ​​- geographic latitude and longitude, which determine the position of points on the earth's surface relative to the equator and a plumb line at a given point on the earth's surface. The angle in degrees shows how much a particular point on the globe is north or south of the equator. If a point is located in the northern hemisphere, then its latitude will be called northern, if in the southern hemisphere, then southern latitude.

Geographic longitude is also measured by the angle formed by the plane of the meridian, taken as the initial (zero), and the meridian passing through a given point. For uniformity in determining longitudes, we agreed to consider the prime meridian to be the meridian passing through the astronomical observatory in Greenwich (England, near London), and to call it Greenwich. All points on the globe located east of the Greenwich prime meridian to the 180° meridian will have east longitude, and all points west of the prime meridian will have west longitude. Using a map with meridians and parallels marked on it, you can determine the latitude and longitude of any point or object.

On large-scale topographic maps, a grid of meridians and parallels is shown outside the frame of the map sheet in the form of divisions (segments) equal to the linear value of one minute in longitude and latitude. On maps of scale 1:500,000 and 1:100,000, the grid of meridians and parallels is depicted on the entire sheet and its exits are labeled outside the map frame.

Looking at geographic maps is quite interesting. Moreover, they are diverse. At school we had large wall maps, atlases and outline maps. I always liked finding all sorts of mountains and seas, rivers and plains on maps.

Shades of blue on a geographical map always indicate one thing - water.

What is blue in our nature? That's right: sky and water. But why is the sky on maps? This means that they represent all sorts of water bodies. What does this mean? That's what:

• oceans and seas;
• straits and bays;
• bays and estuaries;
• lakes and rivers;
• reservoirs and swamps (shown on maps as thin broken lines).

It is very comfortable. You can immediately see where the water is. There is more blue on the maps, since land still occupies a smaller part of our planet. Moreover, if rivers and lakes are painted the same color, then oceans and even large seas have different shades of blue. This is done in order to immediately focus attention on the depth. The bluer the color on the map, the greater the depth of the reservoir in this place. Even just looking at a geographical map, you can imagine which place is deeper.

Even on maps with a large scale (with a large reduction of the Earth), it is simply impossible to reflect on small objects (on rivers, lakes) all their depths, and there is no point in doing so. But on topographic maps of the area (where the scale is small and the size allows), sometimes depths are highlighted with more saturated shades of blue or conditional blue lines.

Shades of blue on old maps

Water was not always drawn blue on maps. In ancient maps, seas and oceans were simply not painted over. And the rivers were drawn in some other color: brown, black, green... .

In ancient times, people simply did not distinguish the color blue. It was as if he didn't exist. Some peoples did not even have such a word for “blue”. And there is not much blue in nature. Therefore, apparently, it appeared as a color much later than other colors. Only after this did they begin to paint water in shades of blue on geographical maps.

It’s so good that this blue color still appeared. After all, it is much more convenient when the water is blue, the earth is brown, and the vegetation is green.

Topic: “Conditional colors of the physical map of the hemispheres.”

Educational: To form an idea of ​​the physical map of the hemispheres, what conventional colors the surface of the Earth is depicted on the map of the hemispheres, to know the location of the equator, south and north poles on the map.

Educational: aesthetic, love for the Earth, Motherland.

Correctional and developmental: development of mental activity, motor skills, attention, memory, logical thinking, speech correction.

Equipment: Physical map of the hemispheres, globe, textbook, atlas.

Vocabulary work: physical map of the hemispheres, map symbols.

Progress of the lesson.

Organizational moment. Hello

Teacher:

What shapes of the earth's surface do you know?

What conventional colors are found on the map?

What do they mean?

Our planet has an uneven surface. Vast spaces are occupied by seas and oceans. Lakes and many rivers flow across the Earth.

On land there are lowlands, hills, and mountains.

Write down the definition. A physical map is a geographical map that depicts the surface of land, seas, and oceans.

Oceans, seas, rivers, lakes on a physical map are indicated in different shades of blue. The deepest parts of the oceans are marked in dark blue.

The land surface is indicated by different conventional colors, depending on the height of the area. The altitude of the area is measured from ocean or sea level.

Green on the maps indicates low places up to 200 meters above sea level - these are plains or lowlands.

The hills are painted in different shades of yellow. They are located at an altitude of 200 to 500 meters above sea level. Mountains shown in brown on the map have a height of 500 meters and above. (The story is accompanied by an analysis of Fig. 76).

On a physical map there is an altitude scale and a depth scale, which can be used to determine the approximate height of the area on land and the depth of the sea or ocean. (The story is accompanied by an analysis of Fig. 77 and a scale of heights and depths in the atlas).

Fastening:

Instructions: “In front of you are cards with a table on them.. Fill in the empty cells of the table, as well as the sentences that you must complete, and a punched card. Don’t rush to fill out the table right away, check yourself again and only then give an answer.”

Task1 Shade the rectangles with the conventional colors of the physical map. Write what the colors mean.

___________________ _______________ ____________ _______

__________________ _______________ ____________ __________

Task 2: Complete the sentences.

Water on physical maps is depicted in ______ color.

The surface of the land is represented by ___________________, ________________ flowers.

Add your conclusion.

A physical map is a geographical map that is shown to us by ________________________________________________

Task 3. Underline the correct word.

Geographical objects on the map only need to be shown with a pen, ruler, finger, or pointer.

Bottom line. Giving ratings with comments.

Lesson type: lesson of discovering new knowledge.

Basic goals:

1. To form in students an idea of ​​land and seas, heights and depths, and various geographical objects depicted on maps.
2. Update your understanding of such concepts as map, globe, plan, scale, meridians, parallels, equator.
3. Training in the skills of determining by the difference in colors which of the objects compared on the map is higher or lower, deeper or shallower.
4. Stimulate children's creative activity.
5. To promote the ability to work in a team, in a group, in pairs.

Demo material:

• standards of definitions of geographical concepts;
• drawings of plans and maps;
• physical map of the world (eastern hemisphere);
• travel map;
• cards with symbols of reservoirs and depths, plains, mountains and heights, river port.

Handout:

• outline map and table with symbols for working in groups;
• work files with a travel map for one for a couple;
• self-assessment sheet;
• homework sheet.

Equipment:

• music recording of the overture to the film “The Children of Captain Grant” by I. Dunaevsky;
• work files for feedback and markers.

Stage I. Motivation for learning activities.

Guys! Let's read the motto of the lesson: “Learning is better than wealth.”
- What will we do in class?
- Why do you need to study?
- Why are learning and skill better than wealth?
(The overture to the film “The Children of Captain Grant” sounds, music by I. Dunaevsky).
- What do you imagine when listening to music?
So today we will go on a journey. Maybe our journey will seem to you as exciting as it was for the heroes of J. Verne’s book “The Children of Captain Grant.” Now we are listening to the overture to the film based on this book. The music was written by I. Dunaevsky.

Stage II. Updating knowledge.

Are you ready to travel?
- Now I will conduct a test among you: “What travel accessories will you take on a trip?”

Possible answers:

A. Globe.
b. Plan.
V. Map.
Mr. Compass.
d. Special clothing.
e. Conventional signs.

Show your answers on the “working files”.
(Files with the guys’ answers are posted on the board and compared with the standard).
- Prove why we’ll take (b, c, d, e) on the trip?
- What is a globe? Children's answers. The standard is posted. Globe - a reduced model of the Earth.
- What is the plan? Children's answers. The standard is posted. Plan - a drawing depicting a small plot of land.
- What is a map? Children's answers. The standard is posted. A map is an image of the Earth on a plane.
- What is a compass? Children's answers. The standard is posted. Compass = a device for determining geographic directions.
- Do you need special clothing when traveling?
- Why didn’t you take a globe and symbols on your trip?
(There are 2 drawings posted on the board. On one is a small image of the plan, on the other is a map.)

Explain to me what is shown in Fig. No. 1, in Fig. No. 2?
- Prove that Fig. No. 1 is a plan? The student is called.
- Prove that Fig. No. 2 is a map? The student is called.
(Students can present their evidence in a dialogue.)

• a small plot of land;
• has a large scale;
• conventional signs;
• the cardinal directions are shown N – S;
• the distance is accurate.

• large spaces;
• has a small scale;
• conventional signs;
• conventional lines – meridians, parallels;
• The distance is not accurate.

Guys! What are meridians?
- What are parallels?
- What is the equator? Students' answers. The standards are posted on the board.
- Do we need this knowledge while traveling?
You really have a lot of knowledge. I can't wait to show you this card. (The travel map opens).

The note that accompanies the card reads:
“Whoever reads this map and travels along it will become the owner of treasures.”

Stage III. Localization of the problem.

Guys, let's read the map. What can you say? What do these colors on the map mean? Where are the treasures?
(Students are having difficulty).
- Yes, we don’t know that. Maybe the guys' messages on the map that they prepared for the lesson will help us.

Man started drawing maps when he didn’t even think about whether the Earth was round or flat. A drawing on a bone was found in Kamchatka; scientists decided that it was one of the ancient maps of the world.
But in the excavations of Mesopotamia, clay tablets were found that depicted the then known world.
The world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is depicted, is 3.4 thousand years old.
In the caves where people lived thousands of years ago, there are rock paintings of the surrounding area.

Modern maps contain only the necessary information. But people are faced with a problem: there is so much to put on the cards that there is simply not enough space for them all. The computer came to the rescue. All information about the Earth and individual territories is entered into it. This creates the most accurate map of the Earth.

The map is older than the globe, but the map is a flat image of the Earth.
The symbols on the map are the same as on the globe. They are written on the margins of the map and are called its legend. You need to know them in order to be able to “read” it, that is, to understand the language of geography.

Stage IV. Building a project plan.

Using a map, you can determine what is located anywhere on Earth. As we learned from the guys’ messages, the most accurate map of the Earth was compiled using a computer. This map is called the Earth's geographic information system.
All maps depict plains, mountains, seas, and lakes using symbols. Look at the Physical Map of the World.
- What colors do you see on the map?
By the color on the map you can determine the depth of the reservoirs and the height of the mountains and plains. Help me.
- What color are lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans shown on the map?
If you look closely at the map, the blue color is presented in different shades from light blue—shallow bodies of water—to dark blue—the depths of oceans and seas.
(Cards with symbols of reservoirs, depths, plains, mountains, heights are laid out on the board next to the “travel map.”)

Green and yellow colors on the map and globe indicate plains. Plains are low, flat or hilly areas of land.
Mountains are depicted in different shades of brown. The darker the color, the higher the mountains.

V stage. Implementation of the completed project.

What color are bodies of water, plains, and mountains shown on the map? Open workbooks p.73.
- Let's read the rule on p. 73. Look at our “journey map.”
- What does the coloring of the map mean? (There are plains, rivers, mountains.)

Phys. just a minute.

Stage VI. Primary consolidation with pronunciation in external speech.

In order to return to our “journey map” we need to consolidate our knowledge of map reading.
Now we will work in the workbook: p. 72 back. No. 3.
There are no color codes or symbols on this map. There are only outlines and hints on it. Such a map is called a contour map. Reading the assignment out loud. Several children will work in a group, and the rest will work in workbooks. At the end, we will summarize our work.

(A check is carried out. The group’s work is posted on the board, the guys give explanations. Students make their additions from the seats. The teacher singles out those guys who came up with their own “river port” sign - a creative task).

VII stage. Independent work with self-test according to the standard.

Work in pairs.
- What new knowledge did you gain in class today that will help us start our journey?
- How do plains, reservoirs, deep seas, mountains and heights look on maps?
- I suggest you work in pairs. After all, it’s more fun on the road with a friend! On the desks, take the file with the map. Your task: to sign all stages of the journey. There are only 4 of them. Using your new knowledge, you need to sign what area our journey takes place through.

1. Sea.
2. Plains.
3. River.
4. Mountains.

Students post their files on the board. Standard check.
(Based on the results of independent work, reflection is organized.)
- Who did it correctly?
- Who made mistakes?
- What are the mistakes?

VIII stage. Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition.

What knowledge was useful on your trip?
- How are bodies of water, mountains, and plains depicted on maps?
- Tell me what other symbols on the map are familiar to you?

Stage IX. Reflection on educational activities.

The final point on our map is the high mountain where our treasures are located. Let's rejoice together!
So we read the map.
- Where are the treasures? – you ask me.
Let's remember the motto of our lesson. Reading in chorus: “Learning is better than wealth.”
- What “wealth” did you receive in class today?
- Why do you need to know the “language of cards” or be able to “read” cards?
- Do you need this knowledge in life?
Otherwise, it will turn out as in another folk wisdom:
“I would have given the treasure, but they didn’t know how to take it.”

Take a piece of paper with your self-esteem. Put “+” in the circle where the answer suits you.

ABOUT I can travel because I know Russian.
ABOUT I can travel because I know Russian and English.
ABOUT I can travel because I know the language of maps.

Guys! Name those who you liked with their work in the lesson?
House. The task consists of three parts.

1. With. 70, 71 read, p. 71 ass. No. 2 (training).
2. Come up with your own map, draw it (creative task).
3. With. 73 ass. No. 5. Using the map, create a layout of the area (optional).