Why did the person come up with money 5 sentences. The history of money from antiquity to the present day

Money Is one of the greatest human inventions. The origin of money is associated with 7-8 thousand BC, when primitive tribes had surpluses of some products that could be exchanged for other necessary products. Historically, cattle, cigars, shells, stones, pieces of metal have been used as a means of facilitating exchange - with varying success. But in order to serve as money, an item must gain general acceptance by both buyers and sellers as a medium of exchange. Money is determined by society itself; all that society recognizes as circulation is money. Indeed, money is a commodity that acts as a universal equivalent, reflecting the value of all other commodities.

What are the main stages in the history of the development of money?

First stage- the appearance of money with the performance of their functions by random goods; second phase- consolidation of the role of the universal equivalent for gold (this stage was, perhaps, the longest); third stage- the stage of transition to paper or credit money; And last fourth stage- gradual ousting of cash from circulation, as a result of which electronic types of payments appeared.

Gold and silver as money

Gold and silver met the above requirements most fully, thus, in the process of the evolution of commodity exchange, a special, absolutely liquid commodity stands out, used as a universal equivalent of the value of money. This commodity becomes gold and silver, an early form of metallic money.

Gold and silver appear as money as early as the 13th century BC. e. in the form of various ingots with a certain metal weight. As a result of the further development of market relations, coins began to be minted from metal - banknotes having a statutory shape and weight full money content.

Coins from a natural alloy of gold and silver (electrum) first appear in the state of Lydia in the 7th century BC. e. In Russia, minting of coins began to be carried out in the 9th-10th centuries. However, due to the lack of gold deposits in Kievan Rus, foreign - Arab and Byzantine coins of gold and silver were mainly used. Later, from about the 11th century, silver and copper ingots began to be used in domestic circulation. The most common was the one pound silver bar (about 400 grams), called « » ... But the "hryvnia" had a rather high cost, so it was cut in half, into two equal parts, called « » , or "ruble hryvnia".

Commodity money

The early form of metallic money is characterized by the coincidence of the commodity value of the metal contained in the coins and their face value indicated on the obverse of the coin. This is one of the disadvantages commodity money... If their value as a commodity exceeds their value as money, then they will cease to function as money. Indeed, if, for example, a ruble coin had a silver (or gold, or some other) content worth, say, two rubles, it would be very profitable to melt the coin and sell it as an ingot. Therefore, despite the illegality of such actions, ruble coins would begin to disappear from circulation.

In this regard, from about the 15th century, metal money began to lose its commodity base. Metal money begins to be divided into full-fledged(the nominal value of which corresponds to the value of the metal contained in them) and defective(the par value is higher than the value of the contained metal). At present, metal money is not complete in any country in the world.

History of paper money

Deserves special attention origin of paper money... Where did they come from? To answer this question, it is necessary to turn to history again.

Soon after the use of gold in transactions, it became apparent that it was inconvenient and unsafe for both buyers and traders to transport, weigh and check for purity of gold every time a transaction was entered into. Therefore, the rule came into practice give gold to goldsmiths for safekeeping who have special storerooms and are ready to provide them for a fee. Having received a gold deposit, the goldsmith gave out to the depositor receipt.

Soon, goods began to be exchanged for these receipts, which became the earliest form of paper money, and the goldsmiths themselves became the prototypes of modern bankers. Since the gold stored by goldsmiths in the pantries was rarely in demand, that is, it was not in circulation, we can say that the receipts were full money, since their number exactly corresponded to the amount of gold stored by goldsmiths.

So it was until some inventive goldsmith, seeing that the amount of incoming gold exceeded the amount seized, began to issue receipts not backed by gold, giving loans at interest to merchants, manufacturers and consumers. So it was born fractional reserve banking system... These receipts were no longer real money. It is believed that the founders of banks and paper money were English goldsmiths. Subsequently, the right to issue paper money passed from private hands to the state.

In our country, paper money appeared in 1766 by order of Empress Catherine II. At present, just like metallic money, paper money in no country in the world has a commodity basis, that is, it is not exchanged for gold or other dredges. metals.

The proponents of this theory are Paul Samuelson and John C. Gelbraith. They believe that money came from an agreement between people. That is, at a certain stage, human society decided to assign monetary functions to precious metals.

Evolutionary origin of money

This approach presupposes a transition to money for objective reasons, including: division of labor, property isolation of producers, economic growth, the need to observe a fair equivalent of exchange.

To understand why money was invented, it is worth considering their main functions.

Functions of money

The measure of value. This is the main function of money; it is the universal equivalent of the cost of a service or a product produced. To compare different goods, it is enough to bring their value to the same monetary units - a single scale.

Means of circulation. Money greatly facilitates settlements between manufacturers - with the advent of coins, and then banknotes, the exchange of goods became much easier. If before buying and selling certainly coincided in time, now, thanks to the emergence of an intermediary - money, there is no need to simultaneously exchange goods for goods and interrupt the production process.

A means of accumulation. As the equivalent of any commodity, money can accumulate to create savings. There is no need to create storage facilities for goods, it is enough to put their equivalent in a bank or a money box. It is money that allows a person to create wealth. Cash reserves smooth out the unevenness of economic life, which leads to stability.

Instrument of payment. Money can bring money, the work of credit organizations is based on this. This feature allows you to borrow without having to pay off here and now by giving a debt obligation.

So, money allows you to trade and exchange, exchange your labor for any commodity, receiving a fair remuneration. They allow you to compare the value of different things. Also, money allows you to create a certain stock and, finally, allows you to take goods without immediately bringing in all of its value. That is why their appearance has become an objective necessity at a certain stage in the development of society.

Why did people come up with money? This question has long haunted many. Someone has long guessed about this invention, and someone still does not understand why we need these pieces of paper, and, especially, where and how they can be in large quantities.
If you make a small excursion into history, then you can easily understand that primitive people did not need money at all. Everything they needed at that time, they took from Mother Nature: they lived in caves, made fire from a spark, gathered fruits from trees, hunted, etc.

But, over time, people's demands began to grow, they were no longer satisfied with the position "what you find is yours." Many began to prefer choice. For example, I wanted to exchange mammoth meat for fish. And how could this be done if there is no reservoir or sea nearby? Primitive tribes had to go where they could exchange meat for fish, or one skin for another. This is how a mutually beneficial exchange of goods arose. But what was to be done when it was impossible to make such an exchange, more precisely, one of the changing ones did not have a suitable product in stock? Then primitive people came up with, so to speak, "measure". It was believed that the goods, which are always necessary, and which it is impossible to do without, could be exchanged for any things, even those that are not needed at the moment. And further. How and how much and what could be exchanged, and most importantly - for how much? They came up with the following: the most popular and necessary product was considered to be a unit. This is how the concept of the equivalent appeared. And the goods that were necessary for everyone and always - this, as a rule, food, clothing, weapons for hunting, after a while was called liquid.

But that's not all. After a while primitive people began to do exactly what they liked best. For example, someone was very good at skinning a hide, and someone was an excellent archer. But how could they make a mutually beneficial exchange if neither one nor the other needed at that moment, neither the skin, nor the weapon, nor the booty? And there was no suitable "equivalent" either? Then they came up with the idea of ​​leaving something interesting as a pledge until the moment when the desired exchange could be made. It could be an interesting stone, a nugget made of metal, a large carved bone, a piece of jewelry, etc. As soon as the exchangers had the necessary goods, they made an exchange, and one of them took a deposit, or left a deposit, adding the item. Such collateral was considered a "universal" commodity, and, over time, there was such a thing as liquidity.
Over time, it became clear that it is not always possible to exchange one product for another or leave a deposit. Subsequently, with the development of civilization, people realized that it was possible to create and agree among themselves that certain things could be exchanged for any commodity.

That's how, in fact, people came up with money. And their equivalent, soon, was considered to be that which was very difficult, that it was difficult to find or obtain, and to obtain which it was necessary to spend colossal labor. Ideally, metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, etc. were suitable for this role. And with the development of such a science as chemistry, it was noticed that they also poorly react with an aggressive environment. Since then, they began to be called - noble ones. And it was customary to call money the commodity that, in a hidden form, implies all types of goods. And with such a tool, you can do everything: make transactions, buy goods and services, conduct investment, holding and other activities.

Then paper money was invented, and in our modern age, various types of electronic payments have appeared.

With money, we can trade and exchange. We can use money to exchange our labor for any thing we need. Money is a measure of value, because with the help of money, we can compare the value of different things. The presence of money in a person is nothing more than a store of value and a basis for future payments.

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On September 19, 2012, the local currency was introduced in the UK.
Currency circulation is limited to the city of Bristol, after which the local pound is named, among the people they have already christened it as "Bristolik". This experiment is being conducted to support small businesses.
The fact is that due to the protracted crisis, the purchasing power of the population has fallen even in such a rich country as Great Britain. The Bristol pound can be obtained by exchanging it at the bank at the rate of 1: 1 in relation to the pound sterling. When doing the reverse transaction, a 3% tax will be charged.

How can the introduction of a local currency revive the economy? Let's figure it out together. What is money, when and how did it appear?
Money originated in China during the Shang dynasty, which ruled from 1600 to 1027 BC. On September 18, 2012, the People's Bank of China issued a gold coin in honor of the first state of China.

During the Shang dynasty, centralization of power began in China, the king was the ruler, he was the nominal owner of the entire land of the state.
There were scribes and archivists at the court. The royal power relied on the nobility, soldiers and clergymen. Ritual services were held in the temples.
What was in China earlier than 3600 years ago, to date, no reliable written sources have been found.
It is assumed that various tribes lived on the territory of China, living on crafts and natural exchange. How could the tribes unite, how did the monetary form of payments appear? Scientists say that the need just arose, they just took it and united, and invented money for themselves. Let's try to imagine the layman of that time. He catches fish, picks berries, breeds livestock, makes household items ...
Have you presented? Now imagine that he so simply exchanged it for some items that were of no value to him, because before that there was no money, at all! Natural exchange is understandable, the person changed his fish, for vegetables, for clothes, a shovel ... But why would he need pieces of bronze, what, carry these pieces of iron with him? It was only later that money with holes appeared, for ease of wearing, and then these were cast coins, similar to the one shown in the picture.

How to wear them and why does such a bizarre shape look like the head of a cow or a ram? Surely taxes were introduced in the emerging state, but how to maintain the administrative apparatus of the tsar? And of course they were charged at first in kind. With whom they will take the fish, with whom with clothes, with whom with cattle, and this is food and skins - you can use it on clothes. Surely the standard of tax was cattle, well, not half of the cow to take? Painfully, this coin looks like a cow's head. By the way, such coins were in use until the 3rd century BC.
And how to make a person pay taxes, he himself will not give up voluntarily, why all of a sudden, none of the ancestors paid anything. It recalls the time of perestroika and the beginning of the 90s of the last century. Remember how a person offering security came to a cooperator (artisan) and when he did not agree, the next day hooligans came and caused damage, the cooperator himself turned to the “security structure”?
And how to track whether the tax has been paid or not, because paper was invented in China after one and a half thousand years. Plates? But this is China, there were a lot of them there and then. It is difficult to take into account and control the carriages of the plates.
So they came up with tokens - coins. The coins are comfortable to wear and can also be exchanged. This is how one of the modern functions of money appeared - a measure of value.
The tax inspector (tax collector), issued in exchange for a large horned animal, one coin, also occurred during the exchange of 3 goats, 3 bags of fish, etc. Of course, there were people who were tricky, they immediately laid such a loophole with deception. However, little has changed since then.
Over time, it became fashionable to show how much you paid taxes, which means a rich person. We began to exchange and collect these tokens. The function of modern money has appeared - accumulation. If people understood that by accepting a coin or bill from anyone, they would doom themselves to being attached to whoever produced it. After all, it will be necessary to change them back, this is how people drive themselves into slavery, dependence on paying taxes.
The further this epic continued, the more money was introduced into circulation. The money supply began to far exceed the amount of products produced. The goods go bad, but there are practically no coins. This is how inflation appeared. Then they began to lend money, at interest, thereby further devaluing the goods. After all, I took one coin, but I need to return 2. This is the kind of nonsense it turns out.
I wonder who invented all this and for what purposes? But you can read about this and many other things yourself in the unique books of Anastasia Novykh. It describes not only how the world works, but also how to bypass the traps cleverly placed at every corner, and, of course, about those who set these traps and why. You can download books completely free of charge (spiritual knowledge is given only free of charge) in the corresponding section of our website. And you can read the fragment right here, see the excerpt below.

MUP "Gymnasium No. 2"

City research competition for younger schoolchildren "EUREKA"

"WHY DO PEOPLE DO MONEY?"

Nikolay Danilovich Golotvin 04/20/2001

2 "B" class

St. Mitrofanov 25/1 sq. 65 t. 40-43-53

Contact phone: 8-906-961-21-93

Head: Savelyeva Lyubov Aleksandrovna

MUP "Gymnasium No. 2" teacher early. classes.

T: 8-913-085-64-21

PLAN 1. It would be nice to live without money. 2. How did the money appear. 3. What is money? 4. Types of currencies. 5. Types of modern money.Conclusion.
WOULD LIKE TO LIVE WITHOUT MONEY How nice it would be to live without money. I came to any store, take whatever you want and as much as you want. Any toys, bicycles, ice cream, sweets. And calmly, without paying, you go home. But what happens then: since I can take whatever I want in the store, it means that my mother may not go to work, but read books with me. And dad can go fishing with me, because he doesn't need to earn money either. I came to school, and there is no teacher there, she went to an atelier to sew a dress. I decided to take a day off. You don't have to pay for a dress. And the baker decided never to go to work at all. And when we get to the store, there won't be a single loaf of bread. Nobody baked it. And I didn't get a bicycle, Sasha, he took all the bicycles from the next doorway. Why does he need so much? Says: "One will break, I will ride the other." It turns out to be some kind of mess! It turns out that we cannot be without money. Each work should be paid so that people go to work and work conscientiously. So that the goods in the store are bought in the amount necessary. How did it happen that our life is so dependent on money? HOW THE MONEY APPEARED

When primitive people had surpluses of some products, they exchanged them from each other for other necessary products. This is how natural exchange appeared. The price (proportion) was set depending on random circumstances. The shepherd tribes used live cattle as an instrument of exchange: sheep, cows, bulls .. Northern peoples exchanged fur - fur money. Bird feathers, grain, salt, cocoa beans, dried fish also served as money. The tribes living on the shores of the warm seas used shells as money. Threaded in the form of jewelry - shell money. They turned out to be the most stable form of commodity money. The most frequently exchanged commodity became a means of exchanging different commodities for each other, as it were, turned into money. There were various "exotic" money in the world. Fairies are stone circles with a hole in the center, similar to millstones. The diameter of such "coins" sometimes reached several meters, and the mass - up to a ton. The owner of the fairy put his mark on it. When people bought something on it, the new owner erased that sign and put his own. Slaves were also used as money. This was all called commodity money. Such "money" could be exchanged for other goods or used in one's own household for its intended purpose. But that was inconvenient money! Sheep and bulls need to be kept and fed somewhere. Products deteriorate from long storage. The mole eats fur. People needed practical money. So that you can carry them with you and at any time buy a large thing or a small one. And the very first such type of money was cowrie shells. They have been in circulation for a long time. Foreign merchants brought them all over the world. But the sinks were cheap and not convenient for big deals.

The most convenient to use were metal products. Over time, noble metals (silver, gold) began to play the role of monetary material. Initially, metallic money took the form of rings, necklaces, bars, golden sand. Then they began to be made in the form of bars with a certain weight. Later, coins began to be minted from metal - banknotes having a form and weight established by law. Money had a wide variety of shapes: square, heptagonal, octahedra, but the most convenient was the round shape.

Precious metal money was more convenient. They are strong enough, do not wear out, do not rust, retain their appearance for a long time, have almost the same composition. It is very easy to make standard coins of different denominations from them. It's hard to counterfeit such counterfeit money. Gold and silver coins eventually supplanted all previous forms of money. They didn't require much care. Long and convenient storage. They were easy to carry. They did not deteriorate, did not take up much space. And they could pay for any product. Gold and silver money began to appear in all countries of the world. But that kind of money also had its drawbacks. It was not safe to carry and store them. They were not convenient for small transactions. And it was constantly necessary to check their authenticity and weight. Gold and silver began to be given to goldsmiths for safekeeping, who had special storerooms and were ready to lease them for a fee. Having received such a contribution, the goldsmith gave the depositor a receipt. Then people began to exchange these receipts for goods. So it turned out like paper money. In China, they began to make money from the skins of white deer. All white deer belonged to the emperor. The money had special signs and a seal. By order of the emperor, people settled with such money. Gold coins were worn out, they were cut off and even thinned to a simple scrap of paper. The demand for gold in production increased. But there was no such amount of gold. This is how paper money appeared. For the first time, paper money appeared in China. By themselves, they were worthless. Each state gave them a compulsory price. The issue of paper money seemed to increase the state treasury. But their release was limited by certain rules. WHAT IS MONEY? Money is a commodity to be exchanged. A product that has been in demand in all countries for many years and plays an important role in the development of society. Money connects the producer and the consumer. Money has five different functions. 1. The most important role of money is a universal measure. With the help of money, the price of the goods is established. Indeed, for the exchange of goods there must be some kind of unit of measurement of the proportions of the exchange. The price can go up and down, it depends on various factors, for example, on the value of the goods, on competition. Pricing also facilitates transactions between countries. 2. Money is universal wealth, it can be saved by saving it, for example, in a bank. So they are a treasure. And if you save them to buy equipment for your production, then this is capital. 3. We constantly change money for the goods we need and vice versa, we change the manufactured goods for money: T-D-T. So money is constantly in motion, passing from one person to another, forming a single process of circulation of goods. We pay with money for the services of a hairdresser, seamstress, in repair shops. 4. Money is also used as a means of payment: buying goods on credit, and then repaying loans, paying taxes, etc. Bank bills, electronic money and the plastic cards that have arisen on their basis, all this helps to speed up payments. The development of international economic relations, world trade, led to the emergence of world money. World money is used for commodity exchange between states. They are also used when providing loans from one state to another. World money includes money from the richest countries. Foreign money is called currency.

TYPES OF CURRENCY

RUBLE is the currency of Russia. EURO is a monetary unit that is used in several countries: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France. Thus, the euro is the single currency for millions of Europeans and nowadays is the most expensive and widespread currency. DOLLAR- The US currency is one of the main reserve currencies of the world. YENA is the currency of Japan http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8% D1% 8F, one of the main reserves in the world after the US dollar and the euro. SWISS FRANK- Swiss currency GBP- English monetary unit.

TYPES OF MODERN MONEY

Money is very different these days. Cash and non-cash. There are iron coins - a trifle that we pay in stores. Gold and silver coins are sold in a collector's bank. Paper money with which we make purchases and pay for services. There is credit money. We can use them to buy furniture, a car, an apartment, etc. on credit. Credit money is money provided to us in debt, which we will have to pay later. People invented credit cards - "plastic money". They are easy to handle. They take up little space in the wallet, and at the same time they can contain a rather large amount of money. There are also electronic money. We use this money to pay for purchases via the Internet. Electronic money is transferred to our account in cell phones.

CONCLUSION

During the research, I concluded that money is one of the great inventions of human thought. They appeared as a result of the long development of commodity exchange. A special commodity, convenient and practical, which played the role of money, stood out from the vast world of commodities. Nowadays, money is a necessity for the life and development of every person. We cannot live a day without money. With money we can buy food, clothes, books, toys, go on a trip. They make our life comfortable and varied. The desire to buy something makes us work for the good of society. This is how we make money. To make more money, people have to work harder and better. Because of this, the quality and quantity of goods and services produced increases. The hairdresser tries to cut his hair more beautifully and faster so that he has more satisfied clients. The baker tries to bake bigger and tastier cheesecakes. Confectioners come up with new, more delicious sweets to increase the demand and sales of their goods. The economy is growing. The standard of living of the society is increasing. This means that money contributes to the evolution of mankind.