Is chess a sport? Two reasons why chess is a sport

Many of us think of sports as strenuous physical activity with the achievement of certain results. Then it is logical to ask the question: "Why is chess a sport?"

Story

On the this moment chess as a sport is approved in 100 countries of the world. In 1999, chess was recognized as a sports game by the International Olympic Committee. And in 2018, this sports discipline will make its debut at the Winter Olympics.

Of course, it seems strange, but despite the fact that the game is exceptionally intellectual, it requires tremendous physical preparation. Otherwise, no matter how talented a chess player is, he will not be able to succeed. The point is that in order to win a standard tournament, a chess player will have to sit for several rounds in one position. At the same time, it is important to correctly distribute forces, both physical and psychological.

The first reason

Well, now let's take a closer look at why chess is a sports game. First, because it is result-oriented and self-improvement. Secondly, without training, it is impossible to achieve emotional stability and self-control. Third, as with any sport, you need a tactical and strategic plan to win.

Very often because of poor physical fitness, the chess player who started the tournament with better results, loses by the middle of the match. By the way, when comparing chess and checkers, bewilderment arises: why is chess a sport and checkers not? The answer is simple: a good game of chess requires a certain mindset, which few possess, and checkers is just a game that develops the intellect, but just a game! With a certain desire, almost any person can learn to play checkers, but few can think for playing chess!

And no matter how indignant many citizens are, saying: “Why is chess a sport if it does not require physical activity?”, The experience of holding competitions proves the opposite. This is not just a game - it is a strategy, a duel with your opponent, regular training of mind and body and work for the result. This is why chess is a sport!

The second reason

Another reason for the recognition of chess as a sports discipline is the equality of chances to win, since the players are given absolutely the same conditions and time to think over their moves.

The fact is that the main disagreement is the absence, as it seems to many, of constant physical exertion and activity to achieve a result in this sport. And by the way, when the time control was during games for 4 hours for each chess player, they lost up to 10 kg in weight. So tell me that there is no physical activity!

In order to understand why chess is a sport, try to sit near the board for several hours in a row and at the same time be in constant mental tension, pondering every move and every action, your own and your opponent. However, keep in mind that every mistake can deprive you of all chances of winning.

How to become a chess player

In order to master this sport, it is worth starting from early childhood. Professional chess players train regularly, and not only in solving chess problems but also in improving physical fitness.

Physical activity is needed both in order not to get tired during the tournament, and to relieve the enormous stress loads that a chess player is subjected to. Many famous grandmasters have dumbbells as a permanent feature. Mental stability is one of the most important qualities for a professional grandmaster. You can only lose because you could not cope with your emotions, and a real athlete cannot afford such a luxury.

Conclusion

In conclusion, let us answer the question once again: "Why is chess a sport?" Because this is a struggle that requires huge loads and a constant striving to be the first and the best. This is not a game, but a competition in which it is difficult to become a winner if you are in the wrong mood, not prepared and do not do it all the time, giving all of yourself to prepare for the decisive battle.

Story popular game has about five thousand years, however, during this time a lot has changed. However, the main thing remained unchanged: chess is a game for the elite. Not everyone can conquer this now sports discipline. And the most important thing: in order to win in chess, you need to have willpower, which is inherent only in athletes, only in champions, otherwise this game of kings will not be conquered!

_ INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "INNOVATIVE SCIENCE" No. 3/2016 ISSN 2410-6070_

6. Strategies for innovative development of Russia until 2020 // URL: http://minsvyaz.ru

7. Stupnitskaya, M. Learning to work on projects // School psychologist, No. 23 (405), 2007-12-07 // URL: http://psy.1september.ru (date of access: 19.02.2014).

8. Fedoseeva, T.E. Implementation of the design type of thinking as the main way of development of universal educational actions // T.E. Fedoseeva // http: // molodogo 184.ucoz.net

9. Chechel, I. D. Pedagogical design: from methodology to reality. Methodology of the educational project / I.D. Chechel. - M .: MIPKRO, 2001.

© Martynova E.V., 2016

I.V. Mikhailova

Ph.D., Associate Professor, Russian State Social University, Moscow, RF

CHESS AS A KIND OF SPORT Abstract

The article examines chess as a sport according to the generally accepted classification of sports. The substantiation and main features of chess as a type of competitive activity are revealed.

Keywords

Classification of sports, competitive activity of chess players.

All sports, which are now widespread in the world, are divided according to the characteristics of the subject of competition and the nature of physical activity into six groups: 1) Sports, which are characterized by active physical activity of athletes with extreme manifestation of physical and mental qualities; 2) Kinds of sports, the operational basis of which is made up of actions to control special technical means of transportation; 3) The third group - kinds of sports in which physical activity is strictly limited by the conditions of hitting a target from a special weapon; 4) The fourth group - sports in which the results of the athlete's modeling and design activities are compared; 5) The fifth group - abstract-game sports, the result of which is determined not by the motor activity of the athlete, but by the abstract-logical outplay of the opponent. This group also includes chess.

Chess, as a sport, is, first of all, an active mental activity that takes place in the conditions of a single combat of two intellects. Motor activity does not play a decisive role in this sport. This feature of chess, undoubtedly, has a certain influence on the training system, in which, unlike other sports, professional chess training takes the central place, and physical training solves only general problems, for example, the development of general endurance.

The research notes the following main features of chess as a competitive activity:

1. Chess game is an abstract representation of the struggle in general. Each move is a blow or preparation for it, or protection from an applied or expected blow. The internal dynamism of the struggle in chess is determined by the intellectual rivalry of the players, which is aimed at solving the problems that arise in the course of the game.

2. In most of the positions that arise during the game, it is not possible because

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "INNOVATIVE SCIENCE" №3 / 2016 ISSN 2410-6070_

the complexity of the game, as well as restrictions on thinking, to establish the optimal strategy, which necessitates the action on an incomplete indicative basis and, accordingly, the chess player makes decisions related to risk.

3. In the chess game, not only individual psychological functions are actualized, but the whole person is involved in the struggle. The emotional-volitional sphere is especially closely intertwined with the chess player's thought process.

4. The long duration of the competition creates a significant load. V.B. Kramnik, the 14th world chess champion, noted that: “Soviet scientists have already proved that in terms of overloading the human psyche, in terms of energy consumption, chess is comparable to the hardest physical work. In football, where players are constantly working on their physical condition, as a rule, there is one match a week. Two is already hard. And what is happening with us? We play ten games lasting 57 hours in eleven days. And this is considered the norm. Chess professionals are in wild tension! "

5. In turn, a large load causes serious changes in the athlete's body. So, the heart rate at crucial moments of the party reaches 140 beats per minute. Very often, during a tournament, chess players lose weight up to ten kilograms (the well-known case of AE Karpov during an "no-limit" match with GK Kasparov). The emotional sphere is undergoing total devastation.

Thus, chess is a full-fledged, but specific kind of sport, carried out in the form of intellectual combat. List of used literature:

1. Alifirov A.I., Mikhailova I.V., Zaryvkina A.V. Chess game as a means of development of psychological qualities of students / Alifirov A.I., Mikhailova I.V., Zaryvkina A.V. // Actual problems development of modern science and education. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference on April 30, 2015: in 5 parts. Part IV. M .: "AR-Consult", 2015 - S. 10-12.

2. Mikhailova I.V., Alifirov A.I. Tactical actions of chess players / Mikhailova I.V., Alifirov A.I. // Results of scientific research Collection of articles of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Managing editor: Sukiasyan Asatur Albertovich (February 15, 2016) at 4 pm Ch / 3 - Ufa: AETERNA. -2016, p. 119-121.

3. Mikhailova I.V. Practical results of chess "brainstorming" by students of the Russian State Social University / I.V. Mikhailova, A.I. Alifirov // Actual problems of the development of science and education: Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference: in 5 parts. AR-Consult. 2015 S. 122-123.

4. Mikhailova I.V. Chess as a full-fledged sport: modern problems and methodological aspects / I.V. Mikhailova, A.S. Makhov // Scientific Notes of the University. P.F. Lesgaft. 2015. No. 6 (124). S. 132-140.

© Mikhailova I.V., 2016

UDC 37.014.544

I.V. Mikhailova

Cand. ped. Sci., Associate Professor RSSU, Moscow, RF

A.I. Alifirov Cand. ped. Sci., Associate Professor RSSU, Moscow, RF

HISTORY OF CREATION OF CHESS COMPUTER PROGRAMS

annotation

The article discusses the prerequisites and directions of work on the creation of computer

Chess - board logic game for two people with special figures and a 64-cell field. Chess combining elements of art (in terms of chess composition), science and sports. As a sport, chess has a hierarchy of titles, a developed system of regular tournaments, and national and international leagues.

The International Chess Federation (FIDE, French Federation Internationale des Echecs, FIDE) is an international sports organization that promotes chess and organizes international competitions and tournaments. It unites national chess federations.

The history of the emergence and development of chess

The history of chess is more than one and a half thousand years old. Chess was invented in India in the 5th-6th centuries BC. No later than the 6th century, a game appeared in India - chaturanga, which had a recognizable checkerboard view... Unlike chess, it was played by 4 players at the same time, and the moves depended on the throws of the dice. To win the game, it was necessary to destroy all the opponents' pieces.

Having spread from India to neighboring countries, chaturanga underwent a number of changes. In the east, it began to bear the name - shatranj, in China - xiangqi, in Thailand - makruk. In the 9th-10th centuries, the game came to Europe, where the "classical" rules of the game were drawn up. The rules were finally formed in the 19th century.

The first world chess championship was held in 1886.

Chessmen

Pawn ♙ - moves vertically one square forward. If the move is accompanied by the capture of the opponent's piece, then the pawn has the right to move diagonally one square forward-right or forward-left.

Knight ♘ - moves to a cell located at a distance of 2 vertically and 1 horizontally or 1 vertically and 2 horizontally from the current position.

Bishop ♗ - moves diagonally to any square.

Rook ♖ - moves to any square vertically or horizontally.

Queen ♕ - moves to any square vertically, horizontally or diagonally.

King ♔ - moves 1 square vertically, horizontally or diagonally.

Before the start of the game, each of the players has on the chessboard:

• pawn - 8 pcs.;
• boat - 2 pcs.;
• horse - 2 pcs.;
• elephant - 2 pcs.;
• queen - 1 pc.;
• king - 1 pc.

Chess rules

Moves in chess are made alternately, and the first move is made by the player with white pieces. The draw determines the right to play with white pieces.

A move is considered made in the following cases:

• the player's hand lowered a piece after it moved to an unoccupied square;
• when capturing an opponent's piece, after replacing the opponent's piece with his own;
• when castling;
• when a pawn is promoted, in the case when the pawn is removed from the board and the player has removed his hand from the new piece placed on the field.

In addition to the usual moves, there are 2 special moves in chess:

• Castling is a simultaneous change in the position of the king and rook of the same color, provided that they have not moved since the beginning of the game. When castling, the king is moved 2 squares towards the rook, and the rook is placed on the square between the initial and final positions of the king. Castling is considered a king's move.
• Capture on the passage is a special pawn move, in which it captures the opponent's pawn, which was moved to two squares at once. But under the attack is not the square on which the second pawn stopped, but the one that was crossed by it.

Before correcting one or more pieces on the field, the player must warn the opponent about this. Otherwise, after touching the piece, it will be necessary to complete the move.

Winning chess

Check - a situation when the king of one of the players is under attack from the opponent's piece. In order to repulse a check, you must perform one of the following actions:

• move the king to any square that is not under attack by the opponent's pieces;
• take a piece that threatens the king;
• put another piece under attack.

Checkmate is a situation when the king is in check, but cannot avoid it.

The game is considered won if:

• one of the players checkmated the opponent's king;
• one of the players has admitted defeat;
• one of the players has run out of time allotted for moves;
• technical victory.

Draw in chess

A stalemate is a situation when the player with the right to move cannot use it, since all his pieces are deprived of the opportunity to make a move. In this case, the king should not be in check.

In addition, a draw is recorded in the following cases:

• no sequence of moves leads to mate;
• three times repetition of positions (not necessarily for three moves in a row) or five times repetition of the same position during five consecutive moves;
• both players made 50 moves without capturing and without a pawn move (50 moves rule);
• mutual agreement to a draw;
• one of the players has expired.

Time control in chess

All official games in chess are held with time control using a special chess clock. The player who made the move presses the button on the clock, which stops his clock and starts the opponent's clock.

The player's time is considered expired if the flag on his watch has fallen. This is true except in the following situations:

• there is a checkmate on the board;
• a situation on the board that leads to a draw;
• flags fell on both players;
• the opponent has no way to checkmate.

Chess competition

All chess competitions are held according to one of four tournament systems.

Everyone knows that chess originated in ancient times in India. This game is already very many years old. But despite this, recognition of chess as a sport International Olympic Committee took place only 13 years ago. This is very surprising, but even more amazing is that in the UK chess as a sport recognized only in 2006!

Many people wonder if chess is an Olympic sport? The answer to this question is no, chess is not an Olympic sport... But FIDE is trying to make them that way. If you look at how many chess competitions are held per year and what scale they are, it will become clear that chess should have been included in the Olympic Games long ago, and this game should be recognized as a sport. In addition, psychologists have proven that the influence of chess on other sports is very great. For example, Wladimir Klitschko (a boxer is known to everyone), claims that when preparing for boxing competitions, he also plays chess, because it improves concentration. There are many such examples, but no one wants to take them into account. This is due to the low popularity of chess in the world as a sport. That is why we rarely see a chess tournament or match on TV. But football, volleyball and other sports show "with a bang."

If we look at the chess problem globally, we can see that there is an improvement in the development of chess. In many Russian schools, electives in chess have already been introduced, which is yielding results. Chess is beginning to gain noticeable fame, which, of course, will in the future affect its development as a full-fledged sport.

First you need to decide what people generally understand by the word sport. Since it will be difficult to communicate if everyone accepts their own, only he understands the meaning of the words used. The generally accepted meaning is usually indicated in an explanatory dictionary. According to him, sport is an activity of people organized according to certain rules, consisting in comparing their physical or intellectual abilities, as well as preparation for this activity. And it’s hard for me to find reasons why chess doesn’t satisfy this notion of sport. Many auto races (in which the riders have different, non-uniform cars) or, for example, sports dancing, meet the criteria of a sport to a much lesser extent than chess.

Why not, excuse me? Chess meets all the provisions of the sport. This is a game in which there is a winner, a loser (draw). That is, a sports result. Often unpredictable. In this regard, chess belongs to the category sports games... Competitions are held, both under the auspices of the federation, and commercial tournaments. There are player ratings, etc. According to all concepts of regulations, this is a sport.

Continuing the topic, we can talk about a large number of strategies and tactics of the game. A huge number of textbooks as a legacy of chess thought. All this creates the continuity of this game as a sport. Of course, we have coaches here, chess schools, training, which also speaks of a sports-type infrastructure.

You may ask, but there are still games that are not sports, but they are played. Okay, poker is shown on sports channels. There is a separate concept of cyber, but, sport!))). And more, more, more.

This question can be answered in different ways. For example, the IOC recognized the International Chess Federation (FIDE), that is, it recognized chess as a non-Olympic sport, in 1999.

In general, the idea of ​​identifying the strongest chess player in the world, and competition, determining the strongest according to some more or less recognized and objective criteria is probably a key feature of sports) - this is not even the 20th century. During the 19th century, the matches Labourdonna - McDonnell (1834), Staunton - St. this moment. In 1886, in the conditions of the Steinitz - Zukertort match, it was directly written that the winner was declared the world champion, and the traditional countdown began from him. (The Steinitz and Andersen masts of 1866 also claim to be considered the first world championship match, or at least its prototype, but, they write, the participants remembered that Morphy was still alive, and he was alive until 1884, although he had long since departed from speeches.) In addition, from the 2nd half of the 19th century, tournaments - congresses were held irregularly for the same purposes. The procedure for determining the world champion was quite, completely streamlined after the Second World War with the participation of FIDE.

In 1924, chess was proposed to be included in the program Olympic Games- did not work. But the first Chess Olympiad was held in 1924 in Paris, like the Summer Olympiad of the same year.

But it must be understood that in the first half of the 20th century, it was not the difference between sports and non-sports that was more fundamental, but the border between professional and amateur sports. That is, there were chess players who made chess their main occupation, demanded royalties for participating in tournaments, for publishing their games (Lasker, for example), and there were people who had a respected profession and position in society, and who went to tournaments in their free time, but with This is part of the world elite (of the illustrative examples - Tarrasch, generally a practicing doctor). In that same 1924, chess was not included in the program of "normal" Olympiads, apparently because of difficulties in determining professional status, and within the framework of the unofficial chess Olympiad, the world chess champion among amateurs was also determined (Herman Matison, Latvia). Everything is the same as in "ordinary" sports;)

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