MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
KRASNODAR UNIVERSITY
Tactical-special training
Speciality: 030501.65 - Jurisprudence
LECTURE
Topic: "Locality as an element of the operational situation"
Time: 2 hours.
Location: educational audience.
Methodology: story.
The main content of the topic: Place and role of topography in the system of training of police officers. The area and its significance in the activities of police officers. Subdivision of the terrain for cross-country ability, observation and camouflage, for ruggedness. Topographic elements of the area. The main types of terrain and their impact on the performance of operational tasks of the Department of Internal Affairs. Seasonal changes in terrain. Ways of studying the area in the performance of operational tasks.
Basic terms and concepts: " topography", "terrain", "topographical elements of the terrain", "tactical properties of the terrain", « tactical classification of the terrain.
Lesson objectives:
1. To study the tactical properties of the terrain and their influence on the performance of operational tasks.
2. Study the tactical classification of the terrain and how to evaluate it.
Lecture plan
Introduction - 5 min.
Check the availability of cadets, readiness for classes;
Announce the topic, goals, training questions and the procedure for their development.
Main part – 70 min.
1. The terrain as an element of the operational situation, the influence of the terrain on the performance of the operational tasks of the ATS.
2. Ways of studying and assessing the terrain, affecting the performance of an operational - service task.
Conclusion - 5 min.
- summarize the lesson;
Remind the topic, objectives of the lesson;
Remind learning questions;
Answer the questions that have arisen;
Give assignments for independent work.
Main literature:
1., Shevchenko training of police officers: a textbook. - Krasnodar: KRU of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008.
2. , Yagodintsev topography M. Tricksta, 2006.
3. Suprun, topography and satellite navigation: textbook. allowance /, .- M .: TsOKR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008.
4., Shevchenko registration and maintenance of official graphic documents in the bodies and institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a textbook. Krasnodar Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2004.
Additional literature:
1., Kovalenko topography for cadets of educational units. Textbook. M. Military Publishing, 1990.
2. Suprun preparation. Collection of problems M. IMC GUK MIA RF, 2003.
3., Usoltsev military topography in the activities of bodies and institutions of the Department of Internal Affairs: a collection of practical exercises. Krasnodar, KUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. 2000.
Introduction
People have always been engaged in orientation on the ground and field measurements.
With the development of mathematics and cartography in Russia in the early 17th century, Emperor Peter I created digital schools that trained surveyors and navigators, developed the mathematical basis for maps, and the topographic map became a measuring document.
The importance of a topographic map for the performance of combat, service-combat and national economic tasks can hardly be overestimated. It is the fundamental basis for decision-making by police officers, servicemen of internal troops.
The activities of the bodies and institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs can be deployed in any area, at any time of the year and day. Therefore, not only every boss, but also every employee must be able to study the terrain on which they are to act.
The knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during the study of disciplines are of great practical importance in the activities of police officers, especially those in command positions.
Topography- a scientific discipline that deals with the detailed study of the earth's surface and the development of ways to represent this surface on a plane in the form of topographic maps or plans.
Military topography- a military-scientific discipline that studies methods of assessing the terrain in the interests of the activities of the Armed Forces, orienting on it and making field measurements.
Topographic preparation - subject of combat training. Its tasks are to train personnel in the methods of studying and assessing the terrain, orienting on it, using topographic and special maps, geodetic data and photographic documents, as well as navigation tools, making measurements on the ground when organizing, conducting special operations.
First study question. The terrain as an element of the operational environment, the influence of the terrain on the performance of operational and official ATS tasks.
terrain is part of the earth's surface. All objects located on it, created by nature (rivers, forests, mountains) or human labor (settlements, roads, canals, gardens, etc.) - local objects or topographical elements of the area.
The main topographical elements of the area include:
Settlements;
Road network;
Hydrography;
vegetation cover;
Soils;
Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities.
relief called the totality of all terrain irregularities. It is composed of various elementary forms of various orders. There are large, structural landforms that form the surface of vast geographical areas - mountains, plains, highlands and smaller elementary forms of irregularities that make up the surface of these relief objects.
Settlements. Depending on the nature of the production activity of the population and the number of inhabitants, it is customary to subdivide settlements: into cities, urban-type settlements, settlements at industrial enterprises, railway stations, rural and dacha-type settlements.
The most important in the activities of the city, since it is in the cities that the main part of the country's population lives, most of the crimes are committed in the cities, the main forces and means of the police department are concentrated in the cities.
According to the number of inhabitants, the cities are divided into large - more than 100 thousand inhabitants, medium - from 50 to 100 thousand inhabitants and small - less than 50 thousand inhabitants.
Road network. This concept includes automobile, unpaved, railways and road structures. Highways can be paved - freeways, improved highways, highways and unpaved - improved dirt roads. The most significant influence on the movement of vehicles is exerted by the width of the carriageway, the type of pavement, the magnitude of the longitudinal slopes and turning radii, the presence and nature of road structures.
Hydrography. These are coastal strips and coasts of the seas, lakes and rivers; the seas themselves, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wells and other sources of water, as well as hydraulic structures. Hydraulic structures, in turn, include: ferry crossings, dams, locks on rivers and canals, dams, anchorages and piers, breakwaters and berths, breakwaters and groins, as well as signs of navigational conditions - lighthouses, luminous buoys, permanent signs of coastal signaling.
Vegetation cover . Vegetation cover is divided into groups:
Woody - forests, groves, individual trees;
Shrub - various shrubs up to 4 meters high;
Semi-shrub herbaceous, moss and lichen;
Artificial plantations - gardens, parks, plantations.
Soils . Soils are usually called the upper layer of the earth's crust several meters thick. A layer of the earth's crust 1-1.5 m thick, has fertility and is called soil.
Soils, in turn, are divided into rocky soils and loose. Rocky soils are monoliths of hard rocks - granites, basalts, sandstones. Loose soils are sands, peat bogs, black earth, clay, gravel, clay with crushed stone and pebbles.
Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities these include plants, factories, power plants, airports, mines, mining sites, oil and gas pipelines, etc., as well as various buildings related to these objects.
The relief and local objects are interconnected. Thus, the relief affects the distribution of soils and vegetation, the configuration of hydrography and the road network, and the planning of settlements, while soils largely determine the nature of vegetation, the quality of dirt roads, and the depth of groundwater. Acting in various combinations, the relief and local objects, in combination with the climate, form different types of terrain, each of which in its own way influences all aspects of the service and combat activities of operational units.
The influence of the terrain on operational activities is considered against the background of specific combat missions, taking into account the armament of units, the time of year and day, as well as meteorological conditions. The terrain can contribute to success in the performance of service and combat missions, but not in itself, but only if the servicemen (employees) of operational units are able to correctly assess it and skillfully use it in a specific service and combat situation.
Tactical properties of the terrain.
Terrain properties that influence the organization and conduct of special operations, the use of weapons and military equipment, are commonly called tactical properties.
The main ones include:
Terrain passability;
Protective properties of the terrain;
Orientation conditions;
conditions of observation;
masking conditions;
firing conditions;
Conditions of engineering equipment of the area.
Terrain passability - These are the properties of the terrain that facilitate or impede the movement of units. It is taken into account when choosing the direction of movement, the possibility and ability to use various types of equipment.
The main factor determining the passability of the terrain is the road network. The more developed the network of roads and the higher their class, the more accessible the terrain for solving service and combat missions. Paved roads allow traffic in any weather. The passability of dirt roads is determined mainly by the nature of soils and soils, terrain, season and weather conditions.
The role of the road network becomes even more important in wooded and swampy, desert and mountainous areas, where off-road movement is extremely difficult. The importance of the road network increases sharply during the period of spring and autumn thaws. Under these conditions, paved roads acquire the most important strategic importance.
The passability of the terrain outside the roads is determined by its ruggedness. Terrain with ravines, steep slopes and cliffs, rivers and wetlands, with large areas of forests significantly reduces the passability of vehicles, especially automobiles.
Protective terrain properties - these are the properties of the terrain that weaken the effect of the damaging factors of nuclear and conventional weapons. The correct definition and use of the protective properties of the terrain facilitates the organization of the protection of personnel from the damaging factors of various types of weapons.
The protective properties of the terrain are determined, first of all, by the nature of the relief, vegetation cover, and the presence of various natural and artificial shelters on the terrain that can fully or partially provide protection for units.
Various forms of relief can increase or significantly weaken the impact of the shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation. Thus, on the front (facing towards the nuclear explosion) slopes of hills, the pressure of the shock wave noticeably increases. On the reverse (with respect to a nuclear explosion) slopes, the damaging effect of the shock wave is significantly reduced. Ravines, hollows, ditches, gullies, ditches and other depressions also weaken the action of the shock wave if it crosses them in the transverse direction. In this case, the weakening of the shock wave is the stronger, the greater their depth and sinuosity and the smaller the width. So, the damaging effect of a shock wave at the bottom of a ravine with a depth of 5 m and a width of 5 m is reduced, compared with a flat area, by 2.5 times, with a width of 10 m - by 1.5 times, with a width of 15 m - by 1.3 times.
The protective properties of the terrain are largely determined by the nature of the vegetation cover. Thus, forests weaken the shock wave by 2 times or more, reduce the impact of light radiation by 6–8 times, and also reduce the level of radiation by 2–3 times compared to open areas.
Orientation conditions - these are the properties of the terrain that help determine their location and the desired direction of movement relative to the sides of the horizon, the surrounding objects of the terrain, as well as the location of their units and criminals. Orientation conditions are determined by the presence of characteristic relief elements and local objects that clearly stand out from other objects in their appearance or position and are convenient for use as landmarks.
The skill of each commander quickly and accurately
orientation on the terrain contributes to the correct setting of tasks for subunits and fire weapons, accurate target designation and reliable control of subunits in the course of a battle.
Observation conditions - these are the properties of the area that contribute to obtaining information about criminals or persons of operational interest. They are determined by the degree of visibility of the surrounding area, the viewing range, and depend on the nature of the relief, vegetation cover, the presence of settlements and other objects that obstruct the view of the area, as well as on meteorological conditions. The more ravines, ravines, heights, tree and shrub vegetation, and various kinds of buildings on the terrain, the less favorable the observation conditions.
The correct organization of observation and the results obtained in this way help the commander to comprehensively assess the situation and make an informed decision.
Terrain cloaking properties - these are terrain properties that make it possible to hide the location and movement of personnel and equipment from criminals. They are determined by the presence of natural shelters formed by landforms, vegetation cover, settlements and other local objects, as well as by the general character, color and patchiness of the terrain. The more varied the color range, the better the camouflage conditions. The most convenient natural shelters are forests. Their masking properties are determined by the height of the trees, the density of the crowns, the composition of the rocks and the presence of undergrowth. At the same time, employees should take into account that the camouflage properties of the terrain contribute to the shelter of criminals. So, rough terrain with forests, numerous settlements, hollows, gullies and ravines has good masking properties.
The masking properties of the terrain depend on the season, day and weather conditions. Thus, in summer, deciduous forests provide reliable camouflage for subunits, both from ground and air surveillance. In winter, in such a forest, equipment is easily visible against the backdrop of snow cover.
firing conditions - these are the properties of the terrain that provide a convenient and hidden from outside observation location of fire weapons, aimed fire from various types of weapons, as well as fire correction.
They depend on the nature of the relief, vegetation cover, availability of roads, settlements and other local objects.
Engineering equipment conditions terrain depends on the type of soil, groundwater level, availability, as well as the nature of natural and artificial shelters and obstacles. The state of soils largely determines the scope of work on the preparation of column tracks, the excavation of trenches, trenches, the construction of shelters for personnel and military equipment. The possibility of building various structures depends on the depth of groundwater. The presence of building materials on the ground (wood, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.) determines the scope and timing of engineering work.
Tactical classification of the terrain.
Tactically, the area is divided into:
According to the conditions of patency;
Under the conditions of observation and camouflage;
By degree of intersection.
According to the conditions of patency the area can be:
passable;
impassable;
impassable.
Easy terrain does not limit the speed and direction of movement of wheeled and tracked vehicles, allows the unhindered use of various types of military equipment in deployed formations and the movement of columns without strengthening the ground.
Walkable terrain almost does not limit the speed, direction of movement and allows repeated movement along one track of tracked vehicles, although some places must be bypassed or reinforced (passages should be equipped). The movement of wheeled vehicles of ordinary cross-country ability is somewhat difficult.
Difficult terrain accessible for tracked vehicles at low speeds, restricting freedom of maneuver and the movement of several vehicles on the same track. The movement of wheeled vehicles of ordinary cross-country ability is almost impossible. The movement of columns is possible only on roads and specially equipped columns. Difficult terrain has a negative impact on the speed and ability of employees to move while performing combat missions.
impassable terrain inaccessible for the movement of caterpillar and wheeled vehicles without performing significant work on equipping roads or column tracks.
According to the conditions of observation and camouflage The area is divided into:
open;
Semi-closed;
Closed.
open area is a flat or slightly hilly treeless territory, up to 75% of the area of which is clearly visible in all directions from command heights. On such terrain, good observation of the actions of criminals is provided.
At the same time, this area is less favorable for protection against the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons, and has insufficient camouflage properties. The absence of hidden approaches and natural shelters hinders the covert concentration of subunits and their maneuvering.
semi-closed area is transitional from open to closed. As a rule, in a semi-enclosed area, the area occupied by natural shelters is about 20%, about 50% of the space is visible from command heights. When subunits are located on the spot in the area of concentration, the initial area, in the area of waiting, rest and other areas, their camouflage is almost completely provided by natural masks.
closed area is a territory with a mountainous, hilly or flat relief, covered with forests, shrubs, gardens, with often located settlements. In such an area, the area occupied by natural masks is 30% or more, and the area viewed from command heights is less than 25%. Closed terrain well hides natural masks from observation, facilitates covert movement and maneuver by subunits, and contributes to the successful implementation of measures to protect against the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons.
At the same time, observation, orientation and target designation, control of forces and means of interaction are difficult in a closed area. The closed area is an ideal hiding place for criminals.
According to the degree of intersection ravines, gullies, rivers, lakes and other natural obstacles that restrict the freedom of movement and maneuver of units, the terrain is divided into:
Weakly crossed;
Medium-crossed;
Strongly crossed.
Slightly rugged terrain is a space, although reducing the speed of movement, but easily overcome by combat vehicles and tractor vehicles in any direction. In such terrain, natural obstacles are less than 10% the entire area. The relief is usually flat, rarely hilly.
This area provides a good overview from command heights, orientation, observation and target designation, organization of interaction and control of units. At the same time, the slightly rugged terrain does not provide reliable shelter for subunits from enemy fire.
medium rough terrain has about 20% area occupied by natural obstacles. This is the most common type of well-established area. The terrain is usually hilly, rarely flat. Such terrain is more favorable in terms of protective properties against the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons.
rugged terrain is distinguished by a large number of difficult natural obstacles - ravines, gullies, ditches, embankments, rivers, canals, etc. Natural obstacles occupy more 30% such an area.
The presence of many natural shelters contributes to reliable camouflage and protection of subunits from the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons, and a covert approach to the enemy (criminal groups). At the same time, observation is difficult on rugged terrain, there are many invisible and non-shootable areas, the ability to quickly maneuver subunits is limited, and the speed of off-road equipment decreases.
Varieties of terrain.
By the nature of the relief The area is subdivided:
On the plain;
hilly;
highlands is further subdivided into:
Low-mountain;
Srednegornaya;
Alpine.
Depending on the soil and vegetation cover the area can be:
Desert;
Steppe;
marshy;
Wooded and swampy.
The terrain of the northern regions belongs to a special type. Consider the types of terrain in more detail.
flat terrain characterized by the absence of pronounced irregularities of the earth's surface and small to 25 m relative excesses and relatively low steepness of slopes - up to 2°. Altitudes above sea level are usually up to 300 m.
The absence of significant relative excesses ensures a sufficient range of visibility in all directions and the effectiveness of fire of all types of weapons.
However, the plain makes it difficult to disguise. Its protective properties are minimal.
Flat terrain is usually more favorable for organizing and conducting a special operation to search for and detain criminals and less favorable for monitoring objects of operational interest.
hilly area characterized by the wavy nature of the earth's surface, forming irregularities (hills) with absolute heights up to 500 m, relative excesses 25-200 m and the prevailing steepness of the slopes 2-3 °. A hilly area can also be attributed to a hilly area, that is, a plain with randomly scattered individual hills and groups of hills and ridges. In such terrain, as a rule, there are many command heights with a large visibility range and a wide field of view.
This area has good natural boundaries for the location of units, equipment for firing positions, and has some protective properties from the effects of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. The gaps between the hills and the reverse slopes of the hills can serve as shelters from observation and enemy fire, hidden approaches for maneuvering.
lowland characterized by elevations above sea level 500-1000 m, relative excesses in 200 - 500 m and the prevailing slope slope of 5-10°. Compared to other types of mountainous terrain, it is poorly dissected, usually well inhabited and has a relatively developed road network.
Low-mountain terrain generally contributes to camouflage and protection from the damaging factors of nuclear and conventional weapons.
mid-mountain area has an average height above sea level of the order 1000 - 2000 m, relative excesses of about 500-1000 m and the prevailing steepness of the slopes 10 - 25°. It is divided into well-defined mountain ranges, ridges and chains, the peaks and ridges of which have a smoothed shape.
In general, the mid-mountain terrain requires significant engineering work to ensure its passability. At the same time, it favors camouflage and protection against the lethal effects of nuclear and conventional weapons.
Highlands characterized by elevations above sea level 2000 m and relative excesses 1000 m and more. The prevailing steepness of the slopes in such an area, as a rule, is more 25°.
This area is most often poorly inhabited, has few mountain passes and a sparse road network. Roads are usually laid along narrow mountain gorges, pass through passes at high altitudes, abound with steep slopes and small turning radii.
Combat operations in such terrain are mainly possible for special units equipped accordingly. Alpine terrain generally favors camouflage for units. During the explosions of nuclear and conventional weapons, collapses and rockfalls are very likely.
desert area is a vast sparsely populated area with a permanently or seasonally hot climate, little water resources and very poor vegetation. Depending on the nature of the soil, sandy, stony and clayey deserts are distinguished. The surface of the deserts is flat, slightly rugged or hilly, with dry riverbeds. Vegetation is almost absent, growing herbs are rare and tough - saxaul, saltwort, wormwood. A characteristic feature of deserts is an acute shortage of water, fuel, building materials, and the absence of roads. Wells are usually found along highways and caravan routes at a great distance from each other. Their depth is 5 to 200 m, debit 3-5 cubic meters per day. The water in the wells is of poor quality, it can only be used for drinking after cleaning and boiling. Therefore, leaders in planning and conducting special operations in the desert must take this into account and create increased supplies of water, food, fuel, and other material resources.
steppe area characterized by the absence of woody vegetation, dry continental climate, chernozem and chestnut soils. The vegetation is sparse, mostly herbaceous (feather grass).
Along river valleys, ravines and gullies, there are separate groups of trees. The steppe terrain is passable on the roads and off the roads for military and special equipment.
forest area represents the territory above 50 % which is covered with dense woody vegetation - forests. The passability of the forest area depends on the availability of roads and clearings, the nature of the relief, density, thickness and species of trees.
The wooded terrain provides good camouflage for both Special Operations units and criminals.
marshland It is represented by significantly moistened peat soils and wetlands. By location, nature of vegetation and diet, lowland, upland and transitional swamps are distinguished.
Lowland swamps are common in floodplains and river deltas, in lake basins. The surface of such swamps is covered with sedge, reeds, and moss. As a rule, lowland swamps are impassable for caterpillar and wheeled vehicles. For pedestrians passable on separate elevated sites.
Raised bogs are characteristic of watersheds, they are fed by precipitation. The thickness of the peat layer can reach 5 meters and more. The surface in the middle is convex, covered with moss, sedge and small shrubs - blueberries, wild rosemary. In the dry season, raised bogs in some directions are passable for the movement of caterpillar and wheeled vehicles, as well as pedestrians.
Transitional swamps are formed in lowlands, in their appearance they occupy an intermediate position between lowland and upland swamps. They are characterized by the presence of birches, pines, sedges, moss.
According to the structure, depth and degree of moisture, the swamps are subdivided into peat, swamp and floatable. Peat bogs have a large layer of peat to a solid base. Marsh bogs have a small layer of peat, which is located on semi-liquid silt. Floating swamps are a continuous carpet of aquatic and marsh plants floating on the surface of a reservoir. The passability of swamps is not the same at different times of the year. Marshes are considered passable if they withstand the specific pressure given in the technical characteristics of each type of equipment.
wooded swampy area characterized by the alternation of large forest areas with numerous swamps, streams and lakes. The main feature of such terrain is a large number of natural obstacles and low traffic, both for vehicles and pedestrians. In the conditions of a wooded swampy area, the possibilities for observation, orientation and firing are limited, the organization of interaction and control of ATS units becomes more complicated
Terrain of northern regions these are vast areas adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. According to natural features, the Arctic belt is divided into two zones: the Arctic deserts and the tundra.
Arctic desert zone the northernmost of the natural zones. Its surface is constantly or most of the year covered with snow and glaciers. The relief is predominantly flat, sometimes there are hilly plateaus. The climate is very severe, with low air temperatures, sharp weather changes, strong winds, frequent snowfalls and blizzards in winter and drizzling rain and fog in summer. A significant part of the surface is covered with glaciers.
Tundra zone It is a flat coastal plain, among which there are hills, mountain ranges and highlands. The surface is covered with permafrost, which reaches 600 m in depth. The vegetation cover is represented by mosses, lichens, dwarf birches. Winter lasts 8-9 months, polar night continues 60-80 days.
Summer is short (2-3 months) and cool (4-11 degrees above zero). Favorable conditions for movement in winter and autumn, in summer and spring the movement of vehicles is limited.
Second study question. Ways of studying and assessing the terrain, affecting the performance of the operational task.
The study of the terrain in the performance of combat and operational-service tasks consists in clarifying the nature of its elements and main tactical properties, their intended impact on the actions of subunits, taking into account possible changes in meteorological conditions, time of year and day.
Based on the study and assessment of the terrain, conclusions are drawn that are necessary to make a decision on the optimal use of the properties of the terrain by units and limit its negative impact.
A comprehensive study and a correct assessment of the terrain allow the unit commander to foresee the most likely actions of criminals.
Ways to explore the area . The main sources for obtaining terrain data are:
Personal inspection during reconnaissance and reconnaissance of the area;
Topographic and special maps;
aerial photographs;
Reference materials and descriptions of the area;
Survey of local residents and detainees.
Study of the area by personal inspection. By direct inspection during the reconnaissance, the area is studied in detail. This is the best way to explore the area. The head of a special operation, other officials directly study and evaluate the area when organizing a special operation. The disadvantage is that it takes a lot of time for a detailed study of the entire area of action of the police units, the possibility of studying the area at night is limited.
Studying the terrain using topographic maps . A topographic map is the main source of information about the area during special operations. Using it, you can quickly and in sufficient detail study the terrain over a large area, make measurements and calculations, and accurately determine the location of the objects under study. This is the most common and basic way of exploring the area.
Relief maps and layouts of the area can be used for a more visual representation of the area of upcoming actions.
Studying the area from aerial photographs . Aerial photographs (photo documents) are used in addition to topographic maps; they are used to study individual objects and relatively small areas of terrain. Compared to a map, aerial photographs have more recent and detailed terrain data.
However, aerial photographs also do not provide all the information about the terrain (about the passage of swamps, the depth and quality of the bottom of the fords, the speed of the river, etc.). Therefore, they are used, as a rule, in conjunction with the map. The disadvantage is the difficulty of reading the photographic image of the elements of the area.
Studying the area according to descriptions consist in the study of generalized data on the area, on the composition of the population, the economy, climatic conditions, etc. These data may be illustrated with photographs, diagrams, tables. They come with special cards.
The disadvantage is that it takes considerable time to select the necessary information and transfer it to the maps.
Interviewing local residents and interrogating detainees: interviewing local residents and interrogating detainees makes it possible to obtain data on the passability of the area, its engineering equipment, and the possible whereabouts of criminals and persons of operational interest. The disadvantage is that the information is fragmentary, poorly linked to the map and requires verification.
Methodology for studying and assessing the terrain includes general rules and an expedient sequence of work with a topographic map. The terrain is studied sequentially, that is, first of all, those elements of it that have a significant impact on the performance of operational and service tasks are studied. Terrain elements are evaluated not in isolation from each other, but in mutual connection. For example , when assessing the passability of a forest, they study not only the density and thickness of trees, but also the nature of the soil and terrain in the forest. Simultaneously with the study of the terrain, its main elements are remembered in order to use the topographic map as little as possible when performing the task.
On the map, the area is usually studied in the following order. First, the type of terrain is determined by relief and soil and vegetation cover, its characteristic features and main tactical properties, that is, they understand the general nature of the terrain. Then they study and evaluate in detail the tactical properties of individual areas of the terrain and local objects that can have a significant impact on the performance of an operational-service task, analyze them together with other elements of the situation, as a result of which conclusions are drawn.
The study and assessment of the terrain when making a decision is an understanding of the nature of its elements and their influence on the location and actions of their units and criminals (illegal armed formations). Based on the assessment of the terrain, the leader (commander) determines to what extent it affects the performance of the task, and determines the measures that need to be taken in order to make the most of the terrain conditions.
When organizing an ambush, a barrier to study the area, maps of a larger scale are used than when planning a search. At the same time, they first study and evaluate the area at the location of illegal armed groups, criminals, and then at their location.
In order to successfully solve various tasks, police officers, along with other information about the situation, must receive complete and reliable information about the terrain in a simple and visual form. The most versatile document that contains basic data about the area is a topographic map.
Thus, speaking in various combinations and in combination with the climate, the relief and local objects form different types of terrain, each of which in its own way influences all aspects of the service and combat activities of the Department of Internal Affairs
Based on this, it is advisable to consider the preparation and conduct of special operations against the background of the operational and service tasks of the internal affairs department, taking into account the equipment of police units, the time of year and day, meteorological conditions, and the nature of the actions of criminals. Under these conditions, the terrain can contribute to the success of a special operation and have a negative impact on the actions of criminals, but not by itself, but only if the leader evaluates it and skillfully uses it in his own interests, in accordance with the specific situation. Therefore, the terrain is considered one of the most important elements of the combat and operational situation.
TERRAIN AS AN ELEMENT OF BATTLE SITUATION
Tasks of military topography
Military topography(BT) - (from the Latin topos - terrain, grapho - I write) a special military discipline that studies the methods and means of assessing the terrain, orienting on it and making field measurements to ensure the combat activities of troops, the rules for maintaining commanders' work cards and developing combat documents.
Military topography is closely related to tactical, fire, engineering, special training, in combination with which many of its issues are studied: orientation, reconnaissance and terrain assessment, the use of topographic maps, geodetic data and photographic documents for command and control, effective use of weapons and military equipment.
All officers in modern conditions must be able to:
Use topographic maps; quickly study and evaluate the terrain on a map over large areas in order to most effectively use weapons and military equipment; full use of the protective properties of the terrain, comprehensive consideration of the conditions of patency and camouflage; accurately determine on the map the coordinates of identified targets and other measurement and calculation data necessary for the organization of hostilities, target designation and command and control;
Confidently navigate in unfamiliar terrain, especially at night, in conditions of limited visibility and while driving at high cruising speeds;
Timely and fully implement measures to ensure the troops' reliability and correct orientation and target designation on the battlefield.
The terrain and its significance in battle.
terrain- a part of the earth's surface with all its elements, on which a combat mission is to be performed.
The main elements of the terrain include: relief, settlements, road network, hydrography, vegetation cover and soils. The terrain is one of the elements of the combat situation.
The set of irregularities in the earth's surface is called relief terrain.
All other objects located on it, both of natural origin (forests, rivers, swamps, etc.) and man-made (settlements, individual buildings, factories, canals, gardens, etc.) - local items.
All these terrain objects - relief and local objects - are commonly called topographic elements .
The main groups of topographic elements:
Soil-ground and vegetation cover;
Hydrography;
Settlements;
Road network;
Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities;
A special group is made up of objects of engineering equipment of the terrain, created by the troops in the course of preparation and in the course of hostilities.
The order of the study of the area.
First, the general character of the terrain in the area of operations is identified and studied. Then, in accordance with the task being performed, the elements of the terrain are studied with the necessary completeness and detail and their tactical properties are evaluated.
The general character of the area is studied:
a) by the nature of the relief;
b) according to the degree of intersection with obstacles;
c) according to the conditions of observation and camouflage;
d) by the nature of the vegetation cover and soils;
e) by the density of the road network and settlements.
Relief refers to the most significant indicators of the properties of the terrain and is everywhere the most stable topographic element, almost unchanged even under the influence of nuclear explosions.
According to the elevation above sea level and the degree of dissection of the earth's surface, two main types of relief are distinguished - mountainous and flat. Separate irregularities are otherwise called landforms. Elementary landforms are very diverse. However, all of them can be reduced to the following five typical forms.
1. Mountain - a hill, which, as a rule, has a domed or conical shape.
2. Basin - a closed bowl-shaped depression;
3. Ridge - an elevation elongated in one direction;
4. Hollow - an elongated and lowering in one direction deepening of the terrain;
5. Saddle - a depression between two hills. In the mountains, as a rule, is the place of the pass through the mountain range.
The essence of the image of the relief by contour lines.
On modern topographic maps, the relief is depicted by contour lines, i.e.
curved closed lines, brown.
Each line designates on the map a horizontal contour corresponding to an irregularity, all points of which are located on the ground at the same height above sea level.
The height distance between the secant surfaces is called section height.
conclusions:
a) The height of points located on the same horizontal line differs from the height of points on an adjacent horizontal line by the height of the section.
b) For a given height of the section, the more horizontals on the slope, the higher it is, and the closer the horizontals are to one another, the steeper it is.
c) The outline and all curves of contour lines on the map retain the similarity of their corresponding lines of equal heights on the ground.
d) The direction of the slope at each of its points is perpendicular to the horizontal lines and is indicated by berghashes.
The main height of the relief section on the map depends on the scale of the map and the nature of the relief. It is usually 0.02 of the map scale value.
On maps of high-mountainous regions, the height of the section is taken twice as high. Indicated below the southern boundary of the map frame.
The section height is indicated under the southern border of the map frame.
Types of contour lines:
1. Horizontals on the map corresponding to the height of the section set for it are drawn by solid lines and are called main or solid contour lines .
2. Horizontals drawn on the map through half the main height of the section are drawn with broken lines and are called half horizontals or semi-horizontals.
3.Sometimes apply auxiliary horizontals , which are drawn through a quarter of the main section with broken lines, but with shorter links than those of semi-horizontals.
4. To facilitate the calculation of contour lines when determining the heights of points on the map, all solid contour lines corresponding to 5 times the height of the section are drawn thickened contour lines .
Determining the steepness of the slopes.
The angle between the direction of the slope and its laying is slope steepness and is defined:
but) According to the scale of pledges (fig.14):
Foundation is the distance between the main contour lines on the map.
Foundation scale called a graph that is printed on topographic maps next to the scale.
Along the base of the graph, the steepness of the slopes in degrees is signed. On the perpendiculars, the corresponding positions are plotted on the scale of the map:
On the left side of the scale of laying - for the main height of the section, on the right - at five times.
Operating procedure:
1. On the map, measure the distance between adjacent main contour lines (compass, ruler or strip of paper).
2. Attach the measured segment to the scale of laying.
Measuring position ab corresponds to a slope of 3.5°
4. If the contours on the slope are located very close to each other and it is difficult to measure the distance between them, then it is more convenient to use the right side of the scale, while taking on the map the location between adjacent thickened contours.
 |
The measured inclination mn corresponds to a slope slope of 10°
Accuracy for determining the steepness of the slopes on the scale of laying is approximately 0.3 - 0.4 of the division price of this scale.
b) Approximately:
Calculations show that on all topographic maps with a normal height of the main section, a slope of 1 cm corresponds to a slope of 1.2° » 1°, and a lay of 1 mm. corresponds to a slope slope of 10°. Therefore, the determined slope slope is as many times greater (less) than 1 °, how many times the laying between adjacent main horizontals is less (greater) than 1 cm.
For example: when laying a slope of 0.5 cm. ®KS = 2 °
2 cm. ®KS = 0.5°
This rule also applies to maps where the height of the section differs from the normal one. If it is 2 times more than normal, then the obtained value of the steepness of the slope must be increased by 2 times, and for clarification, it is necessary to introduce a correction into the result obtained in this case, adding 1 ° for every 4 °.
For example: if on a map with a normal section height of 0.5 cm corresponds to CV = 2°, then for a map with a height of the main section 2 times greater than normal, CV = 2° × 2° + 1° = 5°
Determination of absolute heights and elevations of points on the map.
On maps published by the Topographical Administration of Russia, the Baltic system of heights is used, which means that the height marks are indicated from the level of the Baltic Sea.
Heights of terrain points on the map are determined along horizontal lines using the height marks available on them.
If the defined point is located on a horizontal line, then its absolute height is equal to the height of this horizontal line.
If the point is between the horizontals, then it is necessary to determine the mark of the lower horizontal nearest to it and add to this mark the excess of this point above the horizontal, determined by eye.
 |
For example:
The excess of one point over another ( Dh) is defined as the difference in absolute heights: Dh = hц - hop, where
hц- absolute height of the target
hop- the absolute height of the firing position
If the points are located on the same slope, then the problem is solved simply by counting the number of gaps between the contour lines of these points.
Accuracy definitions of the heights of points, the marks of which are not signed on the map, are equal: for characteristic points of the relief located on verticals, ridges, gentle slopes of irregularities, etc. - approximately 0.3 - 0.5 of the section height, and for points located on steep slopes, it is approximately 3 - 4 times less.
By the nature of the relief
The area is divided into:
plain - absolute height up to 300m slope slope (RS) up to 1°;
Hilly - absolute height up to 500m KS up to 3°
Mountainous - absolute heights above sea level over 500 m, slope steepness over 5 °; distinguish between low-mountain (heights 500-1000, COP 5-10 °), mid-mountain (heights 1000-2000, COP 10-25 °), high-mountain (heights over 2000, COP more than 25 °).
According to the degree of intersection ravines, gullies, rivers, lakes and other natural obstacles:
On slightly crossed - under natural obstacles up to 10% of the total area. Massive use of heavy military equipment is possible.
Medium cross under natural obstacles 10-30 % the entire area. The use of heavy military equipment in certain areas is difficult.
More than 30% of the total area heavily crossed under natural obstacles. The use of heavy military equipment is possible only in certain areas.
According to the conditions of observation and camouflage:
In the open - under natural masks up to 10%, from command heights up to 75% of the entire area is visible, masking with natural masks is not provided;
Semi-open - under natural masks up to 20% of the entire area, from command heights up to 50% of the entire area is visible, masking with natural masks is almost not provided;
Closed - under natural masks more than 25%. Camouflage is fully provided by natural masks.
By the nature of the soil and vegetation cover
the terrain can be forest, swampy, desert; steppe, and in combination with the relief - mountain-wooded, mountain-desert.
Topography (from the Greek topos - place, area and grapho - I write), a scientific and technical discipline that studies the earth's surface and objects placed on it in geometric terms, with the aim of depicting them on topographic maps, plans and profiles. The main task of topography is the creation of topographic maps and plans. The main method of studying the earth's surface is topographic survey. Topographic survey is a complex (set) of field measurements on the ground and cameral work to create topographic maps of the earth's surface at a given scale.
The term "topography" is often taken as equivalent to the term "geodesy", which in Greek means land division (geodaisia, ge - land and daizo - I divide into parts, I divide). From a modern point of view, geodesy is the science of methods for studying the shape and size of the Earth, depicting its surface on maps, as well as methods of special measurements necessary for solving engineering, economic and other problems. In the process of its development, geodesy was divided into a number of interconnected independent scientific disciplines - higher geodesy, topography, space geodesy, phototopography and engineering geodesy.
The tasks of higher geodesy include determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth, studying the gravitational field of the Earth, determining on the Earth the relative position of the points that make up the state geodetic network (GGS), which is necessary for studying the earth's surface and accurately mapping it on a plane, taking into account the resulting distortions.
In the 1960s began to develop intensively a new section of higher geodesy - space (satellite) geodesy. The objectives of this discipline are the study of the main parameters and the external gravitational field of the Earth and other planets of the solar system, as well as the determination of the coordinates of points on the earth's surface in the geocentric coordinate system.
Phototopography (aerophototopography) deals with the study of methods and means of creating topographic maps and plans from photographs of the Earth's surface. Aerial topography is closely related to photogrammetry. Photogrammetry is a scientific and engineering discipline that deals with determining the shape, size and position of various terrain objects by measuring their image in photographs.
Engineering geodesy, which has an applied value, is a complex of geodetic works performed during surveys, construction and operation of various structures, as well as during the installation of equipment, during observations of vertical and horizontal displacements of engineering structures.
In its theory and practical application, topography uses the achievements of a number of sciences: mathematics, physics, electronics, etc. Topography is of great importance for studying the geographical disciplines of cartography, geomorphology, soil science, geology, landscape science, etc.
The task of cartography includes questions of the theory and methods of depicting parts of the earth's surface on a plane (individual states, continents, the globe), as well as the development of methods and processes for creating and using various maps.
The importance of topography for science and practice cannot be overestimated. The role of topography is especially great in mapping the natural environment. Descriptions of the area cannot replace topographic maps and plans, which clearly convey all the details of the area. Topographic maps are necessary for carrying out field expeditionary work and seem indispensable for carrying out cartometric studies. The created topographic maps are the main material for compiling general geographic maps.
Topography and geodesy play an important role in the national economy. Geodetic measurements precede many major activities in the development of the country's national economy. Geodetic measurements are made on the surface of the Earth and in its bowels, in the surface layers of the atmosphere, in the oceans and seas.
Geodetic surveys are carried out at the stage of design, construction and reconstruction of settlements, railways and highways, tunnels, bridges, main oil and gas pipelines and other objects, as well as to monitor the shift and settlement of large structures.
Geodetic work is of great importance in agriculture, with which geodesy has been associated since ancient times. Carrying out land management work aimed at the rational use of land resources, accounting for agricultural land and their quality, construction of irrigation and drainage and hydraulic structures - all this is closely related to geodetic measurements.
Geological surveys begin and end with the use of geodetic materials and measurements. Construction, mines and quarries is impossible without geodetic work, which is performed by mining surveyors - mine surveyors.
A special role belongs to geodesy in matters of the defense capability of the state. Topographic maps are used to study the terrain, in the development of military operations and to display the combat situation on them.
Brief outline of the development of topography and geodesy
It is difficult to trace the origins of geodesy historically. They probably date back to when people started using the land to grow crops. Therefore, it became necessary to divide the land, to establish the area of its individual plots. Later, geodesy methods were required for the construction of irrigation and drainage systems, various kinds of engineering structures.
It is believed that the emergence of geodesy is associated with human activities in the fertile valleys of the rivers Nile, Tigris and Euphrates. In Egypt, the oldest engineering structures have been preserved, the construction of which was impossible without well-developed geodetic measurement methods. In the 6th millennium BC. e. a canal was built connecting the river. Nile with the Red Sea. In the 5th millennium BC. e. large irrigation works were carried out on the river. Nile and activities for drainage of swamps and regulation of water resources. At the same time, grandiose structures were built in Egypt (the pyramid of Huvu with a square base, the side of which is 227.5 m and a height of 137.2 m, as well as the pyramid of Khofra, etc.). The construction of such structures was undoubtedly associated with geodetic work.
However, geodesy, as a science, with the development of appropriate theoretical justifications and methods, took shape somewhat later in Ancient Greece and was further developed in Ancient Rome.
In the 5th century BC e. Greek scientist Parmenides suggested that the Earth is spherical. The evidence for this hypothesis was given in his writings by Aristotle (384-322 BC). He also introduced the term "geodesy" and attributed this science to the branch of knowledge associated with astronomy and geography.
The outstanding astronomer and geographer, the head of the Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes (276-194 BC), in his work "Geography" examined in detail the question of the figure of the Earth, provided data on the size and shape of its inhabited part - ecumene, and showed the latter on map. He also owns the closest to reality definition of the length of the earth's meridian.
The development of modern methods in the performance of geodetic work dates back to the 17th century. A big step forward was the development of the triangulation method by the Dutch scientist W. Snellius, thanks to which it became possible to carry out linear measurements of great extent on the earth's surface, which made it possible to determine the lengths of the arcs of the parallels and meridians of the Earth. In the second half of the XVII century. the first geodetic instruments with an optical tube appeared - levels. Theodolite with an optical tube was invented only at the end of the 18th century. English mechanic Ramsden.
Until the end of the XVII century. when determining the size of the Earth, it was considered that the Earth was a sphere. Newton (1643-1727), on the basis of the law of universal gravitation he discovered, theoretically substantiated the inevitability of the Earth's oblateness at the poles, if it had once been in a fiery-liquid state. To test this theory, the French Academy of Sciences made geodetic measurements in Peru in 1735-1742. along an arc crossing the equator and in 1736-1737. in Lapland at a latitude of about 66º. These studies confirmed Newton's theory.
At the end of the XVIII century. French scientists J. Delambre and P. Mechain measured the arc of the meridian from Barcelona to Dunkirk. Based on these measurements, some of the first accurate data on the dimensions of the earth's ellipsoid were obtained and the measure of long lines was adopted - a meter, as one ten-millionth part of a quarter of the arc of the Paris meridian.
A great contribution to the development of topography and geodesy was made by the German scientists K. Gauss (the theory of measurement errors, the general theory of depicting a spherical surface on a plane while maintaining equiangularity) and F. Bessel (determining the parameters of the earth's ellipsoid).
In Russia, geodesy and topography were widely developed under Peter I. In 1701, the first Russian school of mathematical and navigational sciences was built in Moscow, whose task was to train navigators and surveyors. In 1715, a maritime academy with a geodesy class was opened in St. Petersburg. In 1721, the first instruction in Russia for performing topographic surveys was developed, on the basis of which maps of 164 counties of the European part of Russia and 26 counties of Siberia were compiled. Of great importance for the development of geodesy was the opening in 1739 of the Geographical Department. Soon the first textbooks on geodesy "Practical Geometry" by S. Nazarov and "The First Foundations of Geodesy" by S.K. Kotelnikov were published.
In 1779, the Land Survey School was founded in Moscow, later - the Land Survey Institute - a higher educational institution for the training of surveyors. By the end of the XVIII century. on the territory of Russia, the coordinates of 67 astronomical points were determined. In 1797, the Depot of Maps was created, which in 1812 was transformed into the Military Topographic Depot, and then in 1822 into the Corps of Military Topographers. Along with the Corps of military topographers, geodetic work was carried out by the Resettlement Administration, the Land Survey Department, the Main Hydrographic Department, the Mining Department, the Ministry of Communications, and the Russian Geographical Society.
Geodetic work to determine the shape and size of the Earth in Russia was started in 1816 by geodesists, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, director of the Pulkovo Observatory V. Ya. Struve (1793-1864) and an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, General K. I. Tenner (1783 -1860). Degree measurement of the meridian arc with a length of 25º 20 "from the mouth of the Danube River to the Arctic Ocean (Fuglens, Norway). Observation points were also located on the territory of Belarus.
A great contribution to the development of geodesy in Russia in the XIX century. introduced by Professor A.P. Bolotov, who in 1845 published the textbook "Course of Higher and Lower Geodesy". The development of geodetic theory and practice at that time was facilitated by the scientific works of geodetic scientists A. A. Tillo, V. V. Vitkovsky, F. A. Sludsky, A. N. Savich, D. D. Gedeonov and others.
Reliable information about the conduct of topographic and geodetic work on the territory of Belarus dates back to the 16th century, when it was the basis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From the middle of the XVI century. until the middle of the 18th century. a large amount of geodetic work was carried out during land management during the "Valochnaya Pamery" for reliable land registration. The work was carried out on the basis of special instructions - "Charters", which contained recommendations for measurers with examples of calculations according to the developed schemes. A fairly high level of development of topography and geodesy at that time is evidenced by a map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (scale 1: 1,260,000), compiled under the leadership of N. Kh. larger plans. Later, in 1655, a map of the Vilna and Trok voivodeships was published.
The beginning of scientifically substantiated topographic and geodetic works on the territory of Belarus can be attributed to 1753, when the Vilna Astronomical Observatory was established. It was with the creation of the first triangulation networks on the territory of the Vilna province in 1816-1821. mapping of the western part of the Russian Empire began. For this, triangulation rows (part of the Struve arc) were built on the territory of the Grodno and Minsk provinces. A significant contribution to the creation of triangulation was made by Belarusians I. Khodko and N. Glushnevich. The result of topographic surveys on a new geodetic basis was the creation of maps of 1:420,000 (ten-verst) and 1:126,000 (three-verst) scales for the entire territory of Belarus, and maps of 1:84,000 (two-verst) and 1:42 scales for a significant area 000 (odnoverstka).
In 1863-1873. on the territory of Belarus, a degree measurement of the length of the arc of the parallel of 52 ° north latitude was carried out under the leadership of I. I. Zhilinsky. In 1913-1916. along the line St. Petersburg - Vitebsk - Mogilev - Gomel - Kyiv - Odessa, a high-precision leveling line was laid in order to determine the difference in the heights of the levels of the Baltic and Black Seas.
On March 15, 1919, a decree was signed on the creation of the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service - the Higher Geodetic Directorate, which was later reorganized into the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGK) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
In the late 1920s F. N. Krasovsky developed a program for the development of the GHS. The unified astronomical and geodetic network created under this program had no analogues in the world practice in terms of harmony of construction and accuracy. In 1940, under the leadership of F. N. Krasovsky and A. A. Izotov, new dimensions of the Earth were calculated, which were accepted for geodetic and cartographic work on the territory of the USSR. Thus, a unified state reference geodetic network was created, part of which is the existing state geodetic network of the Republic of Belarus.
The beginning of geodetic education in Belarus dates back to 1859, when land surveying and taxation classes were opened at the Gore-Goret Agricultural Institute. Currently, the training of specialists is carried out by the Borisov Polytechnic School - topographic technicians and the Polotsk Polytechnic University, which trains geodetic engineers.
At present, topographic maps of 1:10,000 scale have been created for the entire territory of the Republic of Belarus, and topographic plans of 1:5000 and 1:2000 scales have been created for the territory of cities and towns, including topographic plans of 1:1000 scales for built-up areas of cities. and 1:500.
All topographic and geodetic works of national importance are carried out by the production units "Belgeodeziya", "Belaerokosmogeodeziya" and others that are part of the Committee on Land Resources, Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PDB paratrooper battalion
PDR parachute company
CO small arms
WIS Engineer Platoon
ZRV anti-aircraft missile platoon
SABATR self-propelled artillery battery
WMD weapons of mass destruction
ACCS automated command and control systems
GIS VN military geoinformation systems
NP settlement
MVZ minefield
List of abbreviations 3
Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Methods and methods for studying tactical properties
terrain 7
1.1. Terrain and its tactical properties 7
1.2. Ways to study the tactical properties of the terrain 12
1.3. Methods for studying the tactical properties of the terrain 19
Chapter 2. The work of the battalion commander in the study and evaluation
terrain 43
2.1 Armed conflicts 43
2.2. Making a march in the zone of armed conflict 44
2.3. Measures to protect communications and ensure the safety of the movement of columns 45
2.4. Forces and means allocated for the protection and escort of the column, the order of their formation 46
2.5. The order of work of the commander of the PDB with the receipt of combat
2.6. The order of work of the commander in assessing the situation 50
2.7. The order of work of the commander in the study and assessment of the terrain for the protection and escort of the column 52
2.8. Study and assessment of the area for the protection and escort of the column 54
Conclusion 59
List of used sources and literature 61
Applications 63
Introduction
Combat operations of troops are conducted on the ground or are closely connected with it. Skillful use of the tactical properties of the terrain in many respects contributes to the successful solution of combat missions by subunits, therefore the terrain is one of the most important elements of the combat situation. The influence of the terrain on the conduct of combat is determined against the background of a combat mission, taking into account the armament of the unit, the time of year and day, as well as the meteorological conditions of the nature of the enemy's actions.
The constant improvement of the combat skills of troops in operations on any terrain calls for further improvement of knowledge and skills in military topography.
The knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during the study of military topography are of great practical importance in the activities of military personnel, especially commanders, and in many respects contribute to improving their field skills.
Knowledge of the methods of studying the terrain, skills in orienting on it in various conditions, day, night, with limited visibility, contribute to the correct use of favorable terrain properties to achieve success in battle, help to quickly and confidently navigate and maintain a given direction of movement on the march and in battle. The ability to use a topographic map, an aerial photograph enables the commander to study and assess the terrain in advance, both in his position and in the position of the enemy, prepare the necessary data for a march, perform calculations for conducting effective fire on remote small targets, assess the degree of influence of the terrain on
the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and, taking this into account, determine measures to protect against weapons of mass destruction.
Without the help of a map, it is impossible to correctly make decisions by the commander and set tasks for subordinates, to carry out target designation and control of the unit in battle.
The commander of the Airborne Forces demands that in the professional training of officers the main emphasis be placed on work on the ground. Officers must be able to quickly and competently read a map, assess the conditions of patency, the protective and masking properties of the terrain from the map at all times of the year and in any weather conditions.
As noted in the materials of the scientific-practical conference of the Airborne Forces on the experience of the counter-terrorist operation in the Chechen Republic, there were serious shortcomings in the topographic training of commanders of the operational-tactical level. The commanders of companies, platoons, combat groups can hardly read the map, they do not know the conventional signs, they can hardly determine their location and distances on the map. It has been noted that interest in topographic preparation sharply increased after the occurrence of critical situations that could have been avoided if one had elementary skills in orienteering on the ground.
The history of wars, the experience of the Great Patriotic War and exercises convincingly testify that the terrain can contribute to the success of the combat operations of its units and weaken the enemy, use weapons and military equipment more effectively, but not by itself, but only if the commander correctly evaluates it and skillfully uses in a specific setting, which proves the relevance of the topic of this thesis today.
This work aims to deal with the issues of studying the methods and methods of studying and assessing the terrain in the course of studying the route for the protection of communications, wiring and escort of the column in the internal
armed conflict, analyze the work of the battalion commander in the study and assessment of the terrain for the protection and escort of the column and be useful in improving their knowledge and preparing for military topography classes with subordinates.
1. Methods and methods for studying the tactical properties of the terrain
1.1Location and its tactical properties
terrain is part of the earth's surface. The totality of its irregularities is called relief, and all objects located on it, created by nature and human labor (rivers, forests, settlements, etc.), local items. Local objects occupying vast territories (inland seas, mountain systems, deserts, etc.) are usually called geographic features .
Local items on the basis of the homogeneity of their economic and military significance are divided into groups called topographic elements of the area. The main topographic elements of the area are relief, hydrography, vegetation, soil, road network, settlements, industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural objects.
The topographic elements of the terrain are interconnected between
yourself. Thus, the relief significantly affects the configuration of roads,
planning of settlements, distribution of soil
and vegetation; soils largely determine the nature
vegetation, the depth of groundwater.
In various combinations and in combination with the climate, topographic elements form a wide variety of terrain types. Each type of terrain has its own characteristics that have a positive or negative impact on various aspects of military operations of troops: the formation of combat formations in the offensive and defense, the use of military equipment, the speed of the march and the pace of the offensive, the organization of the protection of troops from
modern weapons. Therefore, the terrain is considered in military affairs as one of the most important elements of the combat situation.
Terrain properties that influence the organization and conduct of hostilities, the use of weapons and equipment in combat are called tactical properties. The main ones include the cross-country ability, its protective properties, the conditions for orientation, observation, camouflage and firing. In some areas, the conditions of the engineering equipment of the terrain and water supply have a significant impact on the conduct of hostilities.
Terrain passability- this is a property of the terrain that facilitates the movement of troops or makes it difficult. It is determined primarily by the presence of paved roads. Thus, in wooded-swampy, mountainous, desert areas, highways acquire the importance of the most important directions along which the main efforts of troops are concentrated, both in the offensive and in defense.
In combat, troops move where it is necessary according to the conditions of the situation and the conditions of the terrain allow. Therefore, determining the possibility of movement without roads for tanks, self-propelled guns, armored personnel carriers and other equipment is of particular importance. The terrain without roads is greatly influenced by the nature of the relief, soil and vegetation, the presence of natural and artificial obstacles (swamps, rivers, lakes, etc.).
According to the conditions of patency, the terrain can be easily passable, passable, difficult to pass and impassable.
Walkable terrain almost does not limit the speed and direction of movement of wheeled and tracked vehicles and allows repeated movement along one track, although some places must be bypassed or strengthened. The movement of wheeled vehicles of ordinary cross-country ability is difficult. Almost unhindered use of combat vehicles in dismembered formations and
column movement. It contributes to the most effective use of paratrooper units.
link.
The time interval from the beginning of photographing the terrain to the acquisition of aerial photographs is usually relatively short, so aerial photographs can provide more recent and reliable data on the terrain than a topographic map. The advantage of aerial photography
Compared with a map, it also lies in the fact that it produces a detailed image of everything that was on the ground at the time of photographing,
including various objects (objects) temporarily located on it. If you take a picture of the area where the military operations of the troops take place, then from the received aerial photograph you can find the locations and concentrations of troops and military equipment, the outline of trenches and anti-tank ditches, artillery firing positions and many other data about the enemy necessary for making a decision when organizing and maintaining fight. Thus, aerial photographs are one of the means of reconnaissance.
Study and assessment of terrain in automated command and control systems. It is obvious that the contradictions that have arisen between the increased flows of information and the available opportunities for their processing and use necessitate the development of new tools, in particular, based on the principles of GIS. And such means have been created by modern science and technology and are actively used in military affairs.
Among them, of particular interest are the so-called military geographic information systems (GIS VN), which are an integral part of modern automated command and control systems for troops and weapons.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a software and hardware complex that collects, stores and processes information about spatially distributed objects that have a coordinate description.
First of all, VN GIS make it possible to drastically reduce the time required to assess the situation and develop action plans for troops due to the complex processing and visual display on a single basis of all types of information used:
Actually cartographic;
Operational-tactical;
Intelligence;
Phono-target;
Meteo-, geophysical, etc.
In addition, GIS VN provide the ability to solve the task of target allocation in an automated mode, taking into account the specific terrain, battle formations, target location and other features.
The main requirement for geographic information systems for military purposes is the transformation and presentation of large volumes of various coordinate-time information in a form convenient for use by command and control agencies of troops and weapons in the process of studying, analyzing and assessing the situation, planning battles, preparing target designations and flight missions. The defining type of such information is electronic cards.
The result of these works was the creation of an integrated geoinformation system "Integration".
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The properties of the terrain to be studied, the order and detail of their study are determined by the received combat mission. Let us consider the methodology for studying the basic properties of the terrain studied in various types of combat operations.
Terrain passability. The passability of the terrain depends primarily on the availability of paved roads. Well developed network
such roads ensure the movement of troops at a high pace in any weather, at different times of the year and day. The speed of movement of subunits on unsurfaced motor roads, unsurfaced roads, and without roads is largely determined by the nature of the relief, hydrography, vegetation cover, soil conditions, and the presence and nature of natural obstacles. Meteorological conditions significantly affect the speed of movement. So, saline steppes in the dry season are easily passable by all means of transport, and after a slight rain they become difficult or completely impassable until dry.
The passability of the terrain is studied, as a rule, according to the topographic map. However, the map does not always have complete information about the terrain. Therefore, the information obtained from the map is supplemented and refined by reconnaissance of the area, as well as by special maps, aerial photographs, reference books and descriptions of the area.
The passability of the terrain along a given route or in the direction of action of the subunit is usually studied in this sequence.
First, the presence and class of roads in the desired direction and the conditions for movement without roads are established, obstacles in the path of movement, ways to bypass them, and the possibility of increasing the passability of obstacles are identified. Then the terrain passability is assessed, the average speed is calculated for individual sections and the route as a whole, measures are determined to improve the terrain passability in the traffic lane.
When studying terrain evaluate each terrain element:
Frontal and side roads with coating (without coating), dirt roads (Pavement material, width of the carriageway, condition of the roadbed. Maximum slopes, difficult sections, traffic conditions during the thaw period) Estimated: Average speed of movement - along the sections of the route. Required time to complete the march. The need to enhance the passability of objects
Road structures (bridges, overpasses). That is, the length, width, material of the building, the capacity of bridges (overpasses), the time to bypass them, the possibility of restoration on their own, the need to increase the passability, condition, carrying capacity, height. Possible detours in case of destruction. Assessed: The capacity of bridges (overpasses), the time to bypass them, the possibility of restoration on their own, the need to increase cross-country ability.
Settlements (layout, nature of buildings, width of streets and main thoroughfares, possible detours in case of destruction). It is estimated: the speed of movement, the time required to move through the settlement and to detour it.
Relief (absolute heights, elevations, steepness of slopes. Length, depth, length of ravines, cliffs, gullies, steepness and turfiness of their slopes.) Evaluated: the possibility of movement without roads, the average speed of movement. Difficult and impassable areas.
Soils (The nature of soils and soils, their condition in the dry and rainy seasons. The depth of swamps, snow cover, soil freezing.) It is estimated: the possibility of movement without roads, the speed of movement. The need to strengthen individual sections or detours.
Rivers, canals, lakes (Width, depth, nature of the bottom, the presence of fords, dams, dams, crossings. The nature of the banks and floodplains. The speed of the current. The steepness of the descents into and out of the water.) Evaluated: the ability to overcome the ford. Time for forcing, forcing conditions during floods, undermining dams, dams.
Forests and shrubs: (Species, average diameter of trees, average distance between them. Density of shrubs. Relief and soil in forests and shrubs. Presence and nature of clearings and roads.) Evaluated: Passability without roads, speed. Approximate amount of work to clear traffic routes in case of fires and rubble.
When studying the patency of the terrain, it is necessary to take into account the features of objects and elements of the terrain and evaluate their influence on the patency and speed of movement. Thus, dense bushes are usually impassable for wheeled vehicles, the speed of tracked vehicles on it is reduced by 2 times. In high grassy vegetation and on the hummocky surface of meadows, the speed of movement is reduced by 25%. For wheeled vehicles and armored personnel carriers, we pass a ripe forest on flat terrain on hard ground, if the distance between the trees is at least 6-8 m. Tanks pass through the forest with felling trees, the diameter of the trunks of which in centimeters does not exceed half the mass of the tank in tonnage, and the distance between the trees not less than 8m. In swampy areas and slopes with a steepness of more than 10, such a forest is impassable for
wheeled and tracked vehicles. Marshes during the rainy season are usually impassable for all types of wheeled vehicles and difficult for tracked vehicles. The maximum steepness of the slopes that combat and transport vehicles can overcome depends largely on the nature of the soil and its condition.
Determination of the average speed of movement . Movement on paved roads is carried out, as a rule, at medium speeds provided for by the charters. On dirt roads and without roads in some sections, the speed of movement changes dramatically. An error in determining the speed, and, consequently, the time it takes to pass certain points, leads to the accumulation of units at obstacles and their untimely exit to the indicated lines (in areas). Therefore, the ability to quickly and accurately determine the average speed of movement is of great practical importance.
When determining the average speed of movement, the entire route is divided into sections according to the conditions of movement. The length of the sections is measured with an accuracy of 2-3 mm on a map scale, taking into account the correction for sinuosity and topography. The time of movement on each section is determined by the formula
where S - section length, km;
V- permissible speed of movement on the site, km/h;
T p - time to overcome obstacles, h.
Time to overcome obstacles (fords, swamps
places, steep slopes, destroyed sections of roads, etc.) is determined by the formula
where is the length of the column, km;
Length (width) of all obstacles on the site, km;
Speed of movement through an obstacle, km/h,
The length of the column is determined by the formula
where L is the number of cars in the column;
Distance between cars;
The length of one machine (assumed to be 7 m).
Distance between cars depends on traffic conditions. In ice, thick fog, on steep ascents and descents, when overcoming contaminated terrain and in other difficult conditions, the distances between vehicles are increased by 1.5-2 times. The speed of movement through obstacles can be reduced to 4-8 km/h.
With limited time to organize a march and in other cases of approximate calculation of the speed of movement and the rate of advance, indicative coefficients can be used that characterize the passability of the terrain (Table 1.2).
Table 1.2
The coefficient of passability of cities and other large settlements under normal conditions is 0.8, wide rivers - 0.5.
observation conditions. Observation conditions facilitate or hinder reconnaissance, organization of the fire system, and command and control of the subunit. They are characterized by the range of optical (radar) visibility of the surrounding terrain and targets from heights in a certain sector (band), as well as the size of the fields of invisibility and the position of their boundaries.
Observation conditions mainly depend on the nature of the relief, tree and shrub vegetation, soil, settlements and various types of buildings. The weather conditions, time of year and day have a significant influence on the conditions of observation.
When organizing a battle, observation conditions are studied, first of all, according to a topographic map. The map determines the heights from which the terrain occupied by the enemy is clearly visible, the fields of invisibility in his
location, visibility of objects and individual sections in the direction of upcoming actions, as well as natural masks for a covert location
niya and movement of his unit. In the same order, they are studied and evaluated for the enemy.
After studying the visibility conditions on the map, they are specified on the ground from one or two points. At the same time, the heights from which the best view of the terrain opens are set, the places of the KNP, observation posts (posts) are marked. In the forest, observation posts are chosen in such a way that clearings and roads are visible from them, and in hilly areas they are not projected against the sky and do not attract the attention of the enemy. In the mountains, observation posts are chosen in places from which passes, roads, trails, and valleys are clearly visible.
When determining the conditions of observation on the map, the visibility range of the horizon and objects on the ground is calculated, the fields of invisibility are plotted on the map, and the mutual visibility of points is determined.
Determination of the visibility range of objects on the ground.
The distance from the observer to the visible horizon line is called the distance of the visible horizon, which, taking into account the curvature of the Earth and refraction, is determined by the formula
where D is the range of the visible horizon, km;
h is the height of the observation point above the surrounding area, m.
Determination of the field of invisibility on the map. Fields of invisibility - areas of the terrain that are not visible from observation posts. Platoon and company commanders usually determine the invisibility field on the enemy side from one point - their command and observation post, and battalion commanders from 2-3 points - from the command and observation post and
observation posts. When determining the fields of invisibility "for the enemy" in its location on the map, usually 2-4 points are chosen in front of
front of the unit and on the flanks, from which the best view of our battle formations is provided.
Depending on the task and the availability of time, the boundaries of the fields of invisibility are determined approximately (mostly visually) or more accurately (by constructing terrain profiles).
Determination on the map of mutual visibility of points locally sti. Visibility between points (objects) on the ground is usually determined on the map by building a triangle, comparing the heights of points or calculating the position of the line of sight.
camouflage properties. Localities are determined by the presence and nature of natural masks, which contribute to the camouflage of troops from observation of the enemy from the air and observation posts. Effective natural masks are forests, solid shrubs, gardens,
afforestation along roads, residential areas in settlements, industrial enterprises, deep relief folds (ravines, beams, etc.).
The study of the camouflage properties of the terrain on the map is to identify natural masks and determine their capacity. At the same time, the possibility of using by the enemy for observation all modern means (optical, radar, television, infrared technology) is taken into account.
The camouflage capacity of a section of terrain is determined by the number of conditional battalion units that can covertly deploy in this area 2-3 km from each other. One conditional battalion unit is usually located in a forest on an area of at least 0.4 km 2, in a ravine up to 1 km long, in a forest plantation area up to 3 km long along the road, in a settlement of 75 households.
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difficult places. When studying the terrain in winter, in addition to topographic and special maps, aerial photographs and data from all types of reconnaissance are used.
On large-scale aerial photographs, new roads and columned tracks are clearly visible. The photographs make it possible to approximately determine the depth of the snow cover by some indirect signs, the presence of snow drifts on the roads and in the recesses of the relief. From aerial photographs, one can obtain information about unfrozen sections of rivers, active ice crossings, places of cracks in ice, polynyas. All this greatly facilitates the organization and conduct of ground reconnaissance.
The results of the study of the area in winter are displayed on the working map. Information that cannot be displayed graphically is included in the content of the legend.
On the working map, sections and directions with minimal snow cover are applied (the latter are most accessible for military operations), unfrozen rivers and swamps are raised, or their sections are plotted with newly appeared roads and columned paths, river crossings, snow and ice barriers and obstacles created by the enemy.
Exploring the area in spring and autumn. Spring and autumn in the middle latitudes are characterized by a large amount of precipitation, high soil moisture, high water levels in rivers and lakes. The passability of the terrain on dirt roads and without roads is sharply reduced. Wetlands become impassable for many wheeled combat vehicles.
During periods of high water, floods and mudslides, the floodplains of the rivers are flooded, the soil is soaked, which greatly complicates the engineering equipment of the area.
When studying the terrain in these seasons, in addition to large-scale topographic maps, aerial photographs of a fresh flight, hydrological descriptions of regions and rivers are widely used. To collect the necessary data on the terrain, reconnaissance of the terrain is constantly and purposefully conducted.
Thus, we can conclude that the skillful use of the tactical properties of the terrain contributes to the most effective use of weapons and military equipment, secrecy of maneuver and surprise strikes against the enemy, camouflage from observation and protection of troops from enemy fire. Consequently, when performing combat missions, each serviceman must be able to quickly and correctly study the terrain and evaluate its tactical properties.
2. The work of the battalion commander in the study and assessment of the terrain for the protection and escort of the column
2.1 Armed conflicts
Armed conflicts clearly showed the fallacy of the principle that if an army is ready for a "big" war, then it is all the more ready for armed conflicts. The armed conflicts of recent years (Afghanistan, former Yugoslavia, Tajikistan, Georgia, Chechnya, etc.) have clearly shown the obvious fallacy of this thesis.
It is becoming more obvious that in today's interconnected world, the political climate of the planet is largely determined by situations in "hot spots", and any armed conflict can easily develop into a local war or even into a multilateral world clash.
Here it was necessary to find completely different forms and methods of organizing and conducting hostilities than those reflected in the existing combat regulations and manuals.
The characteristic features of an armed conflict are:
Participation in it of regular troops and irregular armed formations;
Activation of sabotage and terrorist actions; the danger of escalating into a local war;
Involvement in the armed conflict of a large part of the local population and its vulnerability;
Conducting focal combat operations;
Restrictions on the use of means of armed struggle;
The use of significant forces and means to protect communications and areas of location is the complexity of the moral and psychological situation in which the troops operate. Preparation for actions in the conditions of an armed conflict is carried out taking into account its nature and scale, the objectives of the use of troops and the characteristics of the tasks performed in accordance with the requirements of the statutory documents for the preparation and conduct of the upcoming type of hostilities.
The first stage in the accomplishment of any task in an armed conflict zone is the advancement of troops to the conflict zone.
2.2Marching in a zone of armed conflict
In contrast to the delivery of paratrooper units behind enemy lines by parachute, the advancement of paratrooper units to the area of an armed conflict has its own characteristics.
) and perform tasks:
By blocking a region (section) of a terrain, a settlement and isolating the enemy in it;
Carrying out a search in a blockaded (non-blocked) area, encircling the enemy and detaining him, and in case of resistance - destruction;
Security and defense of important facilities and areas where troops are located;
Release of surrounded units and objects, protection of communications, wiring and escort of columns;
Organization and conduct of ambushes, countering sabotage, raid and ambush actions of the enemy.
The advance of subunits to the area of internal armed conflict is carried out, as a rule, during daylight hours. Reinforcements follow in columns of their subunits in readiness for immediate action. Reconnaissance and security are organized at a shorter distance.
The marching order of a battalion making a march as part of the main forces of a regiment (brigade) includes:
Columns of the main forces;
Columns of units of technical support and rear.
For the timely detection and destruction of sabotage groups, fire weapons of militants on the outskirts of protected objects, to prevent the mining of roads, bridges, tunnels and other objects, as well as to eliminate militants in the event of their attack on the object or its shelling, paratrooper units are involved in protection and defense of these objects (communications) and escort of columns.
2.3 Measures to protect communications and ensure the safety of the movement of columns
The safety of the movement of columns is ensured by:
The basis of security is made up of outposts as part of a reinforced company (platoon). Outposts (posts) are set up in areas of the terrain that are most favorable for sabotage and attacks by militants on columns. At each outpost (post) a reserve is assigned, which is in five-minute readiness for departure to the place of sabotage or attacks on the convoy.
Motor columns are one of the main objects of attack by militants, security, regularity and timeliness of the movement of the columns is ensured by the protection of routes by outposts (checkpoints) and escort of the columns by combat units.
2.4 Forces and means allocated for the protection and escort of columns, the order of their formation
The movement of convoys with materiel in the area of armed conflict should be organized taking into account the likelihood of ambushes by gang formations on the routes of movement, their conduct of mine warfare and possible provocations from the hostile population.
From the battalion making the march in these conditions, stand out:
Combat reconnaissance patrol forward along the route of movement (up to a reinforced platoon);
Combat mobile guard (from company to platoon);
Propulsion Support Squad (engineer-sapper platoon);
To the sides of the flanks and to the rear, combat mobile guards (from platoon to squad).
The direct protection of the column is carried out by sentinel squads.
Column construction order:
sentinel department;
Combat mobile guards (head patrol), sent forward along the route of movement;
Propulsion Detachment
Support Group;
Lateral combat mobile guards (lateral marching outposts);
Commander's car;
Machine for communication with a senior boss;
Direct security (airborne squads on regular military equipment);
Armored personnel carriers (BMP, BMD) distributed along the column through 8-10 vehicles;
Closing the column;
Rear combat mobile guard (rear marching outpost). (Attachment 1)
The marching order of the column must be built taking into account the provision of traffic safety, the reliability of the guards and the speed of the guards entering the battle.
When driving on roads that are not guarded by outposts, automobile columns are accompanied by a regular paratrooper unit (platoon, company), the forces and means of which are distributed along the column at the rate of at least one armored personnel carrier (BMP, BMD) for every ten vehicles.
Places of units allocated for protection and escort of columns:
- sentinel squad . It stands out from the combat mobile guard (head patrol) as part of the reconnaissance parachute squad with sappers. The patrol squad advances ahead of the combat mobile guard (head patrol) at a distance that provides observation of it and fire support;
Combat mobile guard (head patrol). Assigned as part of an airborne platoon, reinforced by a reconnaissance squad on standard equipment, to advance ahead of a guarded column at a distance of visual communication (up to 2 kilometers);
The movement support detachment follows the combat mobile guard (head patrol);
Support Group. Designed for fire support of the actions of combat mobile guards (head patrol).
Advancing ahead of the guarded column at a distance of visual communication (up to 2 kilometers), in readiness to turn around at firing positions and support the actions of combat mobile guards (head patrol) with fire. The artillery spotter and all officials (up to the squad leader) must know the planned artillery fires on the advance route and be able to call and correct fire.
Rear BPO (rear outpost). Follows the guarded column at a distance, providing visual communication and fire support.
Before making a march, it is necessary to conduct a thorough reconnaissance of routes in order to identify the state of the roadway, off-road patency, possible detours in case of destruction of bridges and passes. Depending on the nature of the terrain, wheeled vehicles can follow one route, and tracked vehicles can follow the other.
When building a marching order, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of the regrouping of forces and means during advancement, especially in mountainous
areas, so the columns should be formed taking into account the fact that the subunits can repel a surprise attack by the enemy on their own, remove obstacles and destruction. Distances between battalion columns
it is advisable to reduce it in order to reduce the overall depth of the unit's marching order and thereby prevent the enemy from using a significant gap between the columns to commit sabotage, install various obstacles and destroy sections of the route during the movement of the columns.
2.5 The order of work of the commander of the PDB with the receipt of a combat mission
With the receipt of a combat order, a combat (preliminary combat) order, the commander and headquarters of the battalion begin to prepare for the battle.
The work on organizing the battle (performing the assigned task) must be carefully planned and can be carried out in the following order:
Studying and understanding the received task;
Production time calculation;
Orientation of the commanders of deputy subunits about the task received and the activities that must be carried out immediately;
Assessing the situation, listening to the proposals of the deputy commanders and developing a battle plan (completing the assigned task);
Report and approval of the plan to the senior chief, announcement to his deputies (in the part concerning them), giving instructions on further work on making a decision;
Bringing preliminary combat orders to subordinate units (when receiving a combat mission in the form of a preliminary combat order);
Consideration and approval of the plans of subordinate commanders (with
receiving a combat mission in the form of a preliminary combat order);
Consideration and approval of the ideas of the deputies (the battalion communications chief) on the use of subordinate units and the comprehensive support of the battle (the fulfillment of the assigned task);
Completion of the decision-making (determination of combat missions for elements of the combat (marching) order (subunits), basic issues of interaction, comprehensive support and control);
Report and approval of the decision by the senior manager;
Announcement of the decision to the deputy commanders;
Setting tasks for subordinate units (elements of battle order);
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contribute to the correct, profitable use of favorable terrain properties to achieve success in battle.
Based on the goals of this work and its volume, it only considers the main issues in the work of the commander of the parachute battalion in studying and assessing the terrain for the protection of communications, wiring and escort of the column. Some issues, in particular, such as methods and methods for studying the tactical properties of terrain, can serve as independent objects of research.
In the future, the results of my research can be implemented in the educational process of military schools, in research work and in the course of training units and units of the airborne troops.
List of used sources and literature
1. Psarev. A. A., Kovalenko A. N. et al. Military topography: textbook - M .:
Military Publishing, 1986.
2. Combat Charter of the Airborne Forces: Battalion, company. Ch.- II. - M.: Military Publishing, 2006. – 624 p.
3. Psarev A.A., Kuprin A.M., Kovalenko A.N. Topographic training of the commander. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1989. - pp. 5-48.
4.Byzov B.E., Kovalenko A.N., Lakhin A.F. Military topography for cadets of educational units - M .: Military Publishing House, 1980.
5. Govorukhin A.M., Kuprin A.M. et al. Handbook of military topography. 2nd edition, revised. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1980. - pp. 98-165, 323-354.
6. Byzov B.E. Military Topography: Textbook. - M .: Military Publishing, 1986. - pp. 321-374.
10. Batyushkin S.A., Kuzhilin V.F. Preparation and conduct of combat operations by combined arms formations in local wars and armed
conflicts: Military-theoretical work. –M.: Military Publishing, 2006.-440s.
11. Materials of the scientific-practical conference of the Airborne Forces: experience in the use of units and subdivisions of the Airborne Forces when performing tasks in the Chechen Republic. Reports, messages. August, 1997 - Ryazan: RVVDKU, -283s.
12. Application of geoinformation systems in command and control of troops (forces): textbook. - M .: VTU General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, 2003.
In an armed conflict, a battalion can be used as part of a formation (unit), consolidated armed formations, or independently in accordance with its mission (a company, as a rule, is part of a battalion ) and perform tasks:
- to block the area (section) of the terrain, settlement and isolate the enemy in it;
Carrying out a search in a blockaded (non-blocked) area, encircling the enemy and detaining him, and in case of resistance - destruction;
-protection and defense of important facilities and areas where troops are located;
Release of surrounded units and objects, protection of communications, wiring and escort of columns;
-organization and conduct of ambushes, countering sabotage, raid and ambush actions of the enemy
Protection of routes by outposts;
Exposing secrets along communications, ambushes using the "false object" method;
Patrolling in separate areas with mobile patrol and commandant posts on armored vehicles;
The actions of special units towards the columns
Organization of fire support for the movement of columns by artillery;
Allocation to escort columns of units on standard equipment, reinforced by the forces and means of engineering troops;
Covering them from the air with combat helicopters, attack aircraft, road commandant service.
Studying the area on a topographic map
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