Russia on the map. What does it mean to understand and be able to read a map? Why do you need to be able to read a map

16.03.2021

I think that no journey, no expedition can do without using the map. But taking it with you is one thing, but how to use it? What do these corner symbols and numbers mean? To orientate on the terrain using a map, you need to be able to read it correctly, and I want to explain how this is done.

Map concept

An image of our planet or a certain area in a slightly reduced version is called a map. It contains conventional symbols and a grid with coordinates. They can be divided into separate types of cards as follows:

by its scale;
by the nature of the territory;
by content.

Geographic maps can contain separate continents, separate countries and even small villages. But, in addition to such a division, they can also be of different scales (sizes). For example, large-scale ones show an area in more detail, while small-scale ones show the opposite: a large area, but less detail. Knowing the classification of maps is certainly good, but I think the main thing is to be able to read them.

How is the card reading process carried out?

Before you start using the card, you need to decide at all whether it is right for you. After all, there are different types depending on the purpose. If you want to use it on the road, you will need a road map, for tourists, respectively, a tourist one.

To read it correctly, you need to make sure the card is positioned correctly. I personally once could not understand what the problem was, when, using the card, I came to a place that I did not need. It turned out that I was holding it upside down in relation to my route. To avoid such an error, you should pay attention to one of the corners, where there is usually a compass, it will help. I also advise you to pay attention to the legend, they can be found on the unused part of the map. Do not forget about the scale, as it significantly affects the understanding of the distance to the desired location. We can say that there is nothing difficult in using the map, you just have to be very careful.

When faced with the study of maps for the first time, many will ask “Why do you need to be able to read a map ? ”, While forgetting that the map, like any book, carries various, valuable and rich information.

The map is the most important human invention. The map displays and transmits information about the earth's surface.

The first geographic maps appeared in ancient times, and since the Renaissance, they can be safely considered a work of art, because not only cartographers and geographers, but also artists and engravers worked on their creation. The most famous artists who were engaged in drawing maps were Leonardo da Vinci, Alfred Durer, Jacques Gallo and others.

Modern maps, created using computer graphics, are a mixture of cartography, design and high information technology.

For the convenience of using maps of a single territory in the 16th century, the outstanding cartographer Gerard Mercator created the first atlas, which contained a collection of maps.

Maps are an integral part of our life. When traveling or on the road, we use guide maps, with the help of maps we give weather forecasts, draw the relief of the area or mineral deposits. In addition, there are maps of celestial bodies - the Moon and the Starry sky.

Since school, we are familiar with general geographic maps depicting the main elements of a certain area - relief, settlements, fauna and flora ... In addition to geographical, there are thematic maps that pay attention to certain elements (temperature or precipitation), topographic, geological, political ...

Any changes that occur with the borders of states or the surface of the planet are displayed on the maps. That is why cartographers will never be out of work, updating the information of existing maps.

The school curriculum provides for the study of cards and the acquisition of reading skills. Why do you need to be able to read a map? Reading maps and their symbols allows you to compose a description of the terrain, landscape, geographical objects, heights of hills, etc. In addition, reading a map stimulates and develops logical and dialectical thinking, broadly and versatile embracing the phenomena and objects depicted on it.

How to read the map correctly?

Reading a map is not only about reading its symbols, but also a vivid imagination. To read the map correctly, it is necessary, using conventional signs, to clearly and distinctly represent the depicted area. In addition to symbols, digital characteristics of objects, typical forms and relief details are indicated on geographical maps.

Symbols of topographic maps are outwardly similar to the depicted object, so they are convenient and easy to remember.

It is more difficult to remember alphanumeric designations and signatures of characteristics of terrain objects, which include, for example, forest (tree species, average height and thickness, distance between trunks).

The most difficult thing is to read the relief, which consists in depicting its shape - mountains, ridges, hollows, ravines.

Reading the terrain and the objects located on it is an inextricable step-by-step process from which reading a map begins, like a book.

Understanding, reading and knowing the map

Ethese three terms have different meanings, although they are used synonymously.

Understanding the map - knowledge of what the map is, the study of its content, purpose, properties, conventional signs.
Reading a map - the ability to draw conclusions about the features of the geography of the area, using combinations of symbols; study and understanding of various natural phenomena.
Knowledge of the map is the combination of the first two skills, the result of which is the representation from memory of the location, shapes and names of geographical objects.

Using symbols and their combinations, you can easily "travel" around the world without leaving your home. Reading a cartographic alphabet, diluted with imagination, allows you to "create" an image of a real area. To the question, why do you need to be able to read a map , you can find many answers, each of which corresponds to a specific goal - orientation to an unfamiliar area during a hike, exploring a certain territory or conducting a scientific study of a phenomenon common in a particular area.

Space cartography

Recently, cartographers have been using space surveys, which are cost-effective and effective for studying and mapping little-studied areas, for example, such as global faults of the earth's surface, visible only from a great height, or for studying the dynamics of phenomena, attached to a certain date ( synoptic maps).

The latest advance in cartography is the use of computer technology GIS (Geographic Information Systems).

GPS service

Thanks to new advances in technology and the space industry, today we have the opportunity to use modern navigation systems that allow us to determine the time and range anywhere in the world. This navigation system is called "GPS". With its help, not only military, but also civilian services solve their navigation tasks. The GPS-receiver makes it possible to determine the coordinates of the object (latitude and longitude), the speed of movement and the exact time.

Thanks to the new navigation system and the possibility of computer data processing, it is possible to plot any route in digital form without any problems.

1. Add the definition.

Map - it is a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional symbols.

2. Think and write down why you need to be able to read a map.

To be able to find an object on the map that interests you, and pave a route to it.

1) Read the tutorial on how to determine the sides of the horizon on a map. Mark them on this card.

North on the map is at the top, south is at the bottom, west is on the left, and east is on the right.

2) Read the tutorial for what the different colors represent on the map. Color as indicated on the map:

Find water bodies, plains, mountains on the map in the textbook.

3) With the help of the textbook, find out and sign what these symbols mean.

Evaluation of the work performed (whether the goal has been achieved): work done, goal achieved

Presentation: Tell the class about the results of the work, listen to and evaluate other messages.

4. The map is a rich source of information. Use the map in the tutorial to complete the tasks.

Option 1. Add the names.

Arctic ocean
Eastern European plain
Barents sea
Ural the mountains
West Siberian plain
Black sea
Caucasian the mountains
Okhotsk sea
Quiet ocean

Option 2. Identify and write what is listed here.

a) Don, Ob, Lena, Indigirka are rivers
b) Kursk, Salekhard, Chita, Magadan, Volgograd - these are cities

Option 3. Give examples (2-3 in each paragraph).

a) Islands: Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Sakhalin
b) Peninsulas: Kamchatka, Taimyr, Kola Peninsula

Think about the difference between islands and peninsulas. Explain (verbally).

The islands are completely surrounded by water, and the peninsulas are connected to the "main" land.

Option 4. Find the Volga river on the map. Write down the names of the cities on the Volga.

Astrakhan, Volgograd, Samara, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod

To understand a map means to have cartographic knowledge: to know what a map is, what its properties, content, purpose are, what each conventional sign on it means, how maps should be used and what is the use of it.

To be able to draw conclusions about the geographical features of countries by a combination of conventional signs, "see the area as it really is"

be able to study and understand with the help of a map the location, state and interconnection of various phenomena of nature and human society.

The ability to read a map is a higher level of mastery of a map than an understanding of the peculiarities of building a map. You can know the alphabet of cartography (symbols, scale, map projection, etc.), but not be able to read it. To master the reading of a map, knowledge of both cartographic and geographical, as well as repeated exercises with maps, is necessary, since reading maps is a skill and all skill, as you know, is developed as a result of exercises.

What is azimuth?

Azimuth is a path or direction.

Azimuth - the angle between the northern direction and the observed object, used for orientation on the ground. Azimuth is measured using a compass: clockwise from the north meridian and is calculated in degrees from

0 to 360. The concept of azimuth is used in topography, cartography, tourism, aviation, astronautics, navigation, astronomy and other fields.

To move along a given azimuth, you need:

explore on the map the terrain between the source and destination of the movement;

to outline a route of movement, easily recognizable by local objects;

determine on the map the length of each link in the route;

all data for the movement should be recorded in the field book in the form of a table or diagram.

How to determine the azimuth of a particular subject?

To determine the azimuth on the ground, you need:

- face in the direction of the object to which you want to determine the azimuth;

- orient the compass, that is, bring its zero division (or the letter C) under the darkened end of the compass arrow;

- rotating the compass cover, direct the sighting device to the subject;

- read the azimuth value against the pointer of the sighting device facing the object. Azimuths are counted from 0 to 360 ° clockwise.

To determine the given azimuth on the ground, you need:

- set the pointer of the compass sighting device with a point above the division corresponding to the value of the given azimuth;

- turn the compass so that the pointer of the sight is in front;

- turn yourself with the compass until the zero point coincides with the north end of the arrow;- the direction of the pointer of the sight and will be the direction of the given azimuth.

The alignment of the hairline with the direction to the object (target) is achieved by repeatedly shifting the gaze from the hairline to the target and back. It is not recommended to raise the compass to eye level, as the measurement accuracy decreases.

Accuracy of measuring azimuths using a compass

Andrianova is plus or minus 2-3 °.

Which campfire groups are you familiar with?

night-fire; daytime - SMOKING

For cooking food

For heating

What are the types of bonfires?

Cooking bonfires:

This is the most common purpose of the fire. You don't need pain to cook food

shhoh campfire. We need a fire that will give heat. The figure shows such

Bonfire names (accepted in the Royal Hunters):

1 - Well;

2 - Ditch;

3 - Taiga (for cooking);

4 - Polynesian;

5 - Teepee (Wigwam).

Heating bonfires:

Types of bonfires in order to keep warm in winter, Look at the picture and read the comments.

Bonfire names (accepted in the Royal Hunters): 1 - American bonfire;

2 - Nodya;

3 - an asterisk;

4 - Taiga (for heating).

Some comments: As you can see, the designs of these fires are quite complex and this is due to the fact that such fires should practically not need to be supported and monitored.

How to make a fire?

Firewood can be divided into three main categories:

"Starting" firewood, kindling material and basic firewood. Starting firewood is dry branches and brushwood with a diameter of up to 3 cm.

Starting material- birch bark or lower dry spruce branches. They burn quickly and hotly, helping to ignite the "heavier" main firewood

Basic firewood "heavy"- logs more than 3 cm in diameter.

Do not use living trees for a fire - they burn very badly, and you will cause significant harm to the forest.

If there is dry forest, but it is by no means dry, for example, it has been in the rain, then you can use liquid fuel (for example, gasoline) for kindling and drying firewood. However, it should be remembered that such fuel is highly flammable and should be used with caution!

Laying the fire.

In order to properly lay down the fire, the starting firewood is first folded in the form of a hut (they are placed upright, resting against each other with their tops). From above, this structure is lined with kindling material.

How to keep or transfer fire?

. You can constantly burn a fire.Then at night you must have an attendant. Coals from a burnt fire can be used cover with a layer of ash, inflate them in the morningand put dry kindling on them. And the fire will flare up with renewed vigor. Just try to use firewood in the evening, which gives good coals, because some tree species burn out, leaving only ash.

But what if you go out to the settlement and have to move after an overnight stay?

Then you can doportable fire storage "- a torch. To do this, you need to prepare bark, dry moss, thin long splinters. Putting the moss between splinters, wrap the resulting structure tightly with bark. A torch up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

Can transfer fire in the Wolf's Jaw. This way of carrying can be used in any weather.

How to get water in extreme conditions?

- Water collection is not a problem in wooded and marshy areas.

- In mountainous areas, water must be found in cracks and caves.

- In valleys with loose soil, water should be sought where lush, bright grass grows.

- In the Arctic and highlands, water can be obtained from snow or ice. To get water, you need to use old ice, as it contains less salt.-The main source of drinking water in deserts is a system of hand-dug wells in lowlands, dry river beds, at the base of dunes and at the foot of rocks.

Besides:

Tell us about edible plants.

Edible leaves and young shoots:

blackberries, chicory, fireweed, sorrel, caraway seeds, white caramel, plantain, black currant, wild rose, small-leaved linden, burdock, dandelion, meadow clover, common blueberry, mother-and-stepmother, cut hogweed, spring primrose, field yar, rhubarb.

Edible roots eaten raw:

ivan-tea, lake reeds, calamus, medicinal burnet, six-petal meadowsweet, large burdock, creeping wheatgrass, lungwort.

Edible roots consumed as flour:

dandelion, lake reed, snake mountaineer, viviparous mountaineer, tuberous zopnik, marsh marigold, sea cormorant, yellow egg capsule, white water lily, cinquefoil goose, creeping wheatgrass, broad-leaved cattail, umbelliferae, medicinal burnet.

Recipe for Eating Edible Root Flour : cut, dry, grind, make dough, bake. You can add root flour to grain flour.

You can ferment flour: add regular bread or crackers, soak and put in a warm place until bubbles and sour smell appear.

Water lily flour must be soaked for several hours, changing the water. Good porridge is cooked from the crushed rhizome of the lake reed.

Methods for storing edible leaves: dry;

ferment like cabbage (for example, young dandelion leaves); make sour and salty puree (add vinegar and salt) and store in the cold;

Coffee can be made from roasted and ground burdock roots (first year of life), dandelion, chicory. Eating a lot of sorrel is harmful: oxalic acid converts blood calcium into an insoluble compound.

Suitable for tea:

flowers and leaves: St. John's wort, strawberries, raspberries; cuff; meadowsweet; caraway; white cleaver; leaves: nettle, plantain, currant; fireweed, mother-and-stepmother, lungwort, primrose; fruits: lingonberry, mountain ash, black elderberry; flowers, leaves, fruits: wild rose, hawthorn.

An edible plant may have inedible similar relatives.