Geodesic points
1 (1-4) The conventional signs of the state geodetic network items are shown geodesic paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 of classes, determined in accordance with the requirements of the current main provisions on the USSR state geodetic network, ed. 1954-1961, whose coordinates are calculated in the installed system of geodesic coordinates.
The conditional signs of the state geodesic network points on buildings, as well as at churches, are used as an image on the maps of scale 1: 25000 and 1: 50,000 buildings, the towering parts of which (spiers, towers) are defined as geodesic items and their coordinates are included in the coordinate catalogs of geodesic items coordinates Such items belong to the centers of circles denoting the position of the spiers (towers) on the buildings on the map of the scale of 1,10,000 from the points of the geodesic network on the buildings only points at churches.
Such objects such as factory and factory pipes (36), plants, factories and mills with pipes (37), television towers (53), television, radio and radio relay masts (54), capital buildings of the tower type (57) and others Similar objects defined as geodesic items, special signs on maps not allocated when applying such objects to the originals of the cards of their coordinates belong to the points of signs determining the position of objects on the ground.
2 (5, 6) Conditional signs of the setpoints of the setpoints are shown by the centers, the points of triangulation and polygonometries defined in order to ensure topographic survey, as well as the demolished centers of the state geodetic network items, the paragraphs of the geodesic network II, III and IV classes are shown, Passed in accordance with the previously operating basic provisions on the construction of the USSR state supporting geodesic network, ed. 1939, not included in the state geodesic network due to the accuracy of the requirements of the current main provisions on the USSR state geodetic network, ed. 1954-1961, if they can be used to provide phototopic work.
3 (7) The conventional sign of the reparters and brands of the State Level Network is shown levels of levels and brands, except for wall and temporal, whose heights are determined by geometric levelation I, II, III, IV classes in accordance with the main provisions on the USSR State Level Network.
4 (1, 2, 5 - 7) The conventional signs of the geodetic network items are accompanied by the signature of the top center mark, and the symbol levels of levels and brands - the signature of the height of the reference head or the brand center with an accuracy of 0.1 m. At the originals of sheets Maps of scale 1: 25000 at the height of the relief section 2 5 m. And the difference in the top center marks (the head of the brand or the center of the brand) and the surface of the Earth is 0 2 m. And more signatures of the heights of the geodesic items are given as a fraction, in the numerator of which the top mark is indicated. The center (the head of the referee, the center of the brand), and in the denominator - the surface of the earth's surface.
5 (8) The conditional sign of astronomical items shows the objects of terrain with geographic coordinates defined by astronomical observations (they can be separately lying stones, stone pillars, etc.). Astronomical points located in low-undercuriated areas are applied to the cards, which are deleted from the mainland islands, etc., if they are good guidelines or served as initial items when developing a shooting network.
Settlements
6 (9, 10) conventional signs in the form of flooded rectangles and other figures show residential and non-residential buildings, including those built in settlements and outside settlements.
Conditional signs of buildings not expressed on the map scale are given in the form of rectangles of the three sizes. The signs of the smallest size are applied to show the structure in the settlements with a dense building, the signs of the average size - to show buildings located in the settlements with rarely "building or outside settlements, As well as individual buildings in blocks with a dense building that are allocated by their value or location among other buildings, the signs of the greatest size are used to show the structure remote from settlements and having landmarks.
Signs are oriented in accordance with the orientation of buildings on the ground. Round-shaped structures are depicted with poured circles with a diameter of 0.8 mm.
The structures whose size on the scale of the card being created exceeds the large dimensions of the domestic signs, are shown in their valid sizes with the display of their configuration.
Conditional signs in the form of flooded rectangles with edging are used to show on maps of scale 1 25 000 and 1,50,000 fire-resistant outstanding buildings that are well distinguished among other buildings and can serve as benchmarks if an outstanding building located in the village, when you are going to the street, The map is shown so that the edging of the sign coincides with the line of the street image when it is impossible to clearly show a sign with edging on all sides it is allowed from the window edging not to give with a height of the outstanding building 50 m and the signature of its height, but if there is a lot in the settlement Such a building, the signatures of heights are given only in the images of the most prominent buildings.
On the map of scale 1 50 000 in the image of quarters of the background color without a detailed display of building (141, 151), the conventional sign of outstanding fire-resistant buildings does not apply, outstanding buildings are shown by signs of residential and non-residential buildings with signatures in the necessary cases of their height on the map scale 1,00,000. Special conditional The outstanding fire-resistant buildings are not standing out, during the selection they are shown primarily (conditional signs of structure), and in the necessary cases are given signatures of their height.
7 (11) The conditional sign of separately located courtyards, not expressed on the scale of the card, is used to refer to the karts of the courtyards with a residential house and small surplus buildings in cases where they are located outside settlements or in settlements of dispersed type, the same sign shows the maps Scale 1 25000 and 1,500,000 yards in settlements of a rural type with an ordinary (tape) building with a rare courtyard location, when the gaps between the signs of the yards will be more than 2 and 1 mm, respectively on the scales of 1,5000 and 1,500,000 (more than 50 m on the ground) On the map of the scale of 1,100,000 yards in such cases are shown by the signs of buildings.
The flooded rectangle in the conditional sign of the individual yard is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the residential building, and if the position of the residential building is unknown (when drawing up aerial photographs or cartographic materials), then on the spot corresponding to the position of the largest structure (24 5) the sign of a separate yard is focused on Maps in accordance with the total orientation of the courtyard on the ground.
As an image on the map of the scale of 1,0000 rural settlements with ordinary building (33 2) and the building of the dispersed type (35 2), to avoid overloading of the map, the conditional signs of individual yards are given in size provided for a scale map of 1,100,000.
The courtyards whose area on the map exceed more than one and a half times the size of the symbol is depicted on the scale - their contours are shown by thin pines in accordance with the actual configuration and on the contrary area are shown by residential building and other buildings.
8 (12) The conditional sign of destroyed and dilapidated buildings shows the preserved, well-visible on the terrain of the remains of separately located buildings (stone, brick and reinforced concrete foundations of buildings, partially walls).
9 (14-17) To the tightly built-in neighborhoods of settlements, under their image, the maps include quarters and parts of the quarters, in which the distances between buildings are usually not exceeding 50 m.
On the map of the scale of 1,5000 and 1,0000 tightly built-up quarters with a predominance (more than 50%) of fire-resistant buildings (stone, brick, reinforced concrete), during publication, the background color of orange is highlighted, and with the predominance of neo-heating structures (wooden, global, samanny, etc. .) - Yellow in the image of settlements on the map scale 1,100,000 fire resistance cars are not separated.
On the map of the scale of 1 25,000 in the image of tightly built-up quarters on the background of orange or yellow color or yellow color is shown, as a rule, all buildings can exclude only minor buildings inside quarts display all the gaps between the houses of the card width of 0.3 mm and more, and If necessary - and less width, while on the original they are shown in the size of 0.3 mm.
Tightly built-up blocks of large cities on the maps of scale 1,0000 and 1,100,000 (141, 151) are shown without detailed display display, on the background of orange or yellow color on the map scale 1 50 000 and orange color on the map of scale 1,100000 depicts outstanding buildings, large Industrial structures and structures that have landmarks (tower churches, etc.) to major cities are conditionally related to the city with a population of 50,000 inhabitants and more, as well as the city approaching them in the amounts of) inhabitants and their relevant buildings and sizes Square.
Tightly built-up blocks of small cities (they are conditionally attributed to the minor and with a population of less than 50,000 inhabitants), urban villages, as well as villagers of a rural type with a quarterly layout on a map of scale 1 50 000 (142, 152) are shown with a detailed display of development for those Blue Vilam as a scale of 1 25000. On the map of scale 1,100000 Development in such settlements is displayed in black fill, which is given on the areas of blocks of quarters and parts of quarters with a dense construction highlighted on the scales of 1,5000 and 1,50000 In this case, unresolved areas inside the quarters and characteristic breakouts in the construction of the minimum dimensions of the flooded figures should be shown along the streets, the minimum dimensions of the flooded figures should be at least 0.5x0.5 mm, and the unresolved areas - 0.3x0.3 mm.
When the villages of a rural type with a quarterly and ordinary (tape) building, tightly built-up parts of the quarters (rows) are shown by strips with a width of 1.4-1.5 and 1.1 -1.2 mm, respectively, on the map of the scale of 125,000 and 1,500,000. If the width Landscape stripes on a map scale exceeds the specified dimensions, it is shown on the structure of the building, the area engaged in residential buildings and non-residential buildings, depending on the fire resistance of prevailing buildings, is given coloring, against which the buildings are displayed with the display of their orientation when the building is denominated First of all, angular, fire-resistant, public and other more significant buildings are shown, and then other structures with the condition that the gaps between the signs of the structures were at least 0.3 mm.
On the map scale 1,100000 built-up parts of the quarters (rows) are shown by the pouring bands with a width of 0.5 mm with the display of characteristic breaks in the construction of the length of the flooded bands between the images of streets or breaks in the development, as a rule, should not exceed 5mm.
As an image on the maps of quarters with a rare building (the distances between buildings, as a rule, more than 50 m), the corresponding symbols are shown structures and structures, while the conditional sign of individual courtyards is applied only when the quarters with ordinary (tape) buildings on the scales cards 1 25 000 and 1 50 000 according to Art. 7 Background in the areas of image areas with rare buildings is not given.
Streets, passages and contours of the quarters in settlements are shown by lines with a thickness of 0.1 mm. To highlight through travel in settlements on the image of the main streets connecting the car roads with a coating (highway), the background color of orange color is given, except in cases where the quarters of the settlement themselves are shown with the background color.
10 (18, 19) Areas of new housing and new industrial construction are displayed on maps if they are planned on the construction of the development and construction work has begun. The areas of the distinguished areas must be at least 0.5 cm2 (on the map scale). The boundaries of the areas are applied with lines with a thickness of 0.15 mm, defined forwards are shown as streets, access roads - appropriate conditional signs of roads. The construction of the house and buildings of industrial facilities in the construction of the houses are shown by the signs of buildings - as completed by construction.
11 (20) The conventional sign of destroyed and dilapidated quarters is depicted destroyed and dilapidated settlements and part of settlements (quarters). The width of the image of streets and travel should be in charge of a certain scale adopted for a map. Streets, according to which the passage of vehicles, due to solid dawn, are not shown, are not shown (the quarters are combined into one common). Low-time buildings and structures are shown by the corresponding conditional signs of buildings and the construction.
12 (21, 22) The overpass for the movement of transport along the streets - tunnel and overpass are shown on the map of scale 1 25,000 if the street width is expressed on the scale (more than 0.8 mm). Underground transitions across the streets, railway tracks and roads are shown on the maps of scale 1 25 000 and 1,0000.
Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities
16 (36, 37, 49, 50, 52-54, 57, 68-70, 72). The conditional sign of factory, factory and other pipes is used for the image on the maps of pipes of industrial enterprises, heating systems and other objects that are well released on terrain and can serve as benchmarks. Designations on maps of factory and factory pipes, as well as factories, factories and mills with pipes, cooling towers, television towers, television, radio and radio relay masts, capital buildings of a tower type, churches and other temples, outstanding monuments and monuments at a height of 50 m. And more accompanied by signatures of their heights (in meters). If it is impossible to place signatures of the heights of all objects located in the locations of settlements, signatures of heights are given in images of the most outstanding of them.
17 (37, 38). An extra-founder conventional sign of plants, factories and mills with pipes are used for the image of industrial objects with pipes, if they are not expressed on the map scale. The sign is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the pipe, and if there are several pipes, the most distinguished from them.
As an image of industrial facilities (with pipes and without pipes), which expressed on the scale of the card, the corresponding conventional signs show buildings, pipes and other facilities located on the territory of the object. Fencing objects are shown. In accordance with the established rules in the images of industrial facilities, explanatory signatures of the object or kind of production in the conditional contraction (flour, leather, etc.) are placed.
18 (39). The conditional signs of the mouths of the shaft trunks and the shreds actively and inactive are used in the image of mineral mining enterprises closed (shaft) in order to designate entrances to mines, gallery.
When depicting enterprises of this kind, not expressed on the scale of the map, the conditional signs of the mouth of the shaft stems and the camps (existing and unaccificent) are placed on the ground corresponding to the position of the copra (lifting device) over the mine or the input to the Stoln. If the inputs in the mines are located inside buildings, then buildings are displayed. Their image is accompanied by a signature of the enterprise and production of mining, for example: ore. (phosph). With the height of a copra over a mine 50 m. And the signature of its -put is more given, for example: kopecks. 65.
Mineral mining enterprises (mines, mines, forecasts), expressed on the map scale, are depicted in accordance with Art. 17. At the same time, the mouths of the shaft trunks and shtol (acting and inactive) are identified, stand out by explanatory signatures and signatures of the heights of the copra over mines with a height of 50 m. And more and the image of the entire complex of the enterprise is given a signature of its name with an indication of production products in brackets, for example: Shah. Victory (UG.).
19 (40). An open-scale conditional sign of mineral mining sites in the open way (quarries) on the original card is oriented by convex side up the slope.
20 (42, 43). The conditional sign of salt developments (open) is used for the image of small area (on a map of up to 2 cm2) places of extraction of the lake and sea salt. With the salt of salt developments, more than 4 cm2 crushed shrafing is not given, and the appropriate symbols are shown by the dams, water distribution devices, driveways, buildings, etc. in the image of areas limited to the dams, is given in color, adopted for displaying water areas. The entire image is accompanied by an explanatory signature of Salt Developments.
Plots of peat-braking area up to 25 mm2 are depicted in one sign in the form of three rectangles. With a larger area of \u200b\u200bpeat-workers, the boundary of the mastered territory is designated by a dotted line and on the contrary area is given one or more signs (one sign by 2-3 cm2). Drainage channels, ditch and development in the territories of peat-workers are shown by the conventional channels of the channels, ditches, ponds.
21 (46, 47). When depicting flavors of fuel and gas rods on a map scale, their fences are shown and the signs of tanks (gas producers), buildings and other structures are put on the contrary square in accordance with their location. If necessary, these objects are shown with the selection.
The conditional sign of benzokolonok and gas stations on the maps is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the structure in which the distribution console of the refueling station is located. During the image of large gas stations, driveways, distribution consoles, as well as other structures and structures are shown.
22 (48, 49, 51). As an image on the maps of hydropower plants (hydropower plants), the reservoir, dam and the power plant building are shown in accordance with their location on the ground. If the building of the power plant is not expressed on the scale, then it is shown by the conditional sign of buildings that are not expressed on the map scale. If the HPP building from the outer side of the dam is not standing out (is in the body of the dam), it is not shown. Other power plants, expressed on the map scale, are depicted by the corresponding conditional signs of buildings and structures, such as industrial facilities (art. 17). The images of hydroelectric power plants and other power plants are accompanied by explanatory signatures (HPP, CHP, NPP, EL.Thest.).
A necase-based conditional sign of power plants is used for the image of small power plants on the scales of 1: 50,000 and 1: 100000, when the size of the power plant building in the scale of the card does not exceed the value of 0.8x1.2 mm.
Electrical substations (transformer and converting), not expressed on the scale of the card (including small -coming - transformer booths), are shown in a subsequently conventional sign. Electrical substations, expressed on the scale of the map, depending on their species, are shown by the conditional signs of buildings or the front areas, which depict the existing buildings; Images of electrical substations are accompanied by an email signed. Podst.
23 (50). From the cooling system (devices that serve to reduce the temperature of the water in circulating water supply systems at industrial enterprises or CHP), only the tower type cooling tower is shown on the maps. The images of the cooling edge, located apart, are accompanied by an explanatory signature of Grad.
24 (52). The conditional sign of radio stations and television centers is used to designate on the maps of the corresponding objects in cases where television or radio is on the station building or directly adjoins it. If, on the territory of the radio station (television center), the building of the station and the tower (masts) are located separately and the entire complex of buildings and structures is expressed on the scale, then the corresponding conditional signs depict buildings, television or radio and other structures and is given a signature radio. (or television center).
25 (55, 56). Airfields, hydroaeodromes and landing sites (on land and water) to be depicted on the maps in accordance with the established position, are shown along with buildings and structures designed to provide take-off, landing and maintenance of aircraft and other summer; Belt devices. As an airfields of the contours of the runway and special places for parking aircraft are applied with a thickness of 0.15 mm thick, the cargo tracks are shown by the conditional sign of roads with a coating (107) without background color, hangars, workshops, barracks, radio stations and other structures - appropriate Conditional signs of buildings and structures.
Plots of roads (motorways and highways with an improved coating), equipped (including additionally extended) for take-off and planting aircraft, displayed by sign No. 55.2, which is located in the middle of the image of the road section and symmetrically its axis.
26 (62). Greenhouses and greenhouses depending on the denotation of their placement, orientation and length of structures on the ground are shown by individual signs (a rectangle separated by transverse stroke), their combinations or, with a dense arrangement, is a common circuit with a separation on rectangles. The images of separate groups of such structures provide explanatory signatures. The same conditional sign on the map of the scale 1:25 000 is allocated areas engaged in greenhouses if they are expressed on the map scale (not less than two rectangles of the conventional sign). Images of greenhouses are accompanied by a writer signature. or greenhouses.
27 (63). The conventional base of the apiary is used to designate permanent apiaries, in which there are no buildings. If the apiary is expressed on the scale of the card, the boundaries of its territory are applied with thin lines, the buildings are shown (if available) and the PAC signature is given. or apiary.
28 (64). The conditional sign of the cattle of cattle is used to indicate on the map of the heads in areas, poor landmarks. The sign is focused in accordance with the orientation of the chapter on the ground. Caps, whose area on the map exceed the size of the symbol, are shown on the scale with the display of their actual outlines. Images of such headings are accompanied by a signature of the pen.
29 (66, 67). The conditional sign of the telegraph, radio telegraph office and offices, telephone stations is used to designate such objects in the settlements of a rural type and outside them on maps of low-voltage districts. The sign is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the structure in which the office is located (station), or, if it is impossible to clearly depict an object in its place, - under the signature of the name of the settlement.
The conditional sign of meteorological stations is placed on the spot corresponding to the middle of the site with booths for instruments. If the dimensions of the site allow you to express it on a scale (3x3 mm and more), the boundaries of the station's territory are applied with thin lines and the sign is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the weather. If the meteorological station is located on the roof of the building, then the building is shown and the signature is given. Art.
30 (68-70). On the map of scale 1:25,000 large on the occupied area of \u200b\u200bthe churches, mosques, Buddhist and other temples are depicted on a scale. A sign in a circle, denoting the type of temple, is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the towering part of the building (spire, towers), or in the middle of the building of the building, if the position of the tower is not defined.
31 (74). The conditional sign of cemeteries, not expressed on the map scale, is focused in accordance with the position of the object on the ground; The signs of crosses in the conditional signs of cemeteries are always oriented perpendicular to the south side of the sheet frame.
32 (76, 78-80). Conditional signs of communication lines and power transmission (LEP) are not held in places of passage through images of settlements and along images railways and roads allocated on the background color (105-107). With the approach of the communication line or power lines to the road along the side of the road, the line of the corresponding sign line is 1-2 cm to indicate its direction.
33 (77). The conditional sign of underwater communication cables is used for the image of the lines of communication lines passing through water barriers wide on a map of 10 mm and more. With a smaller width of the water barrier, the presence of an underwater cable is not displayed (the link of the air line does not break).
34 (78-80). In the conditional sign of power lines on wooden supports and concrete pillars with a height of less than 14 m. The points on the cards of all scales are set after 16 mm. In the symbol of the LEP on the metal and reinforced concrete supports (farms, pillars with a height of 14 m. And more) at distances between the supports of more than 200 m. Cross strokes on the map of scale 1:25 000 are applied in places corresponding to the actual position of the supports, with a smaller distance between Supports, as well as at the originals of the scale of scale cards 1: 50,000 and 1: 100000 transverse strokes are set after 16 mm, as shown in the table. In all cases, the turning point of the LEP is indicated on the map of strokes (points). The designations of metal and reinforced concrete supports of the LAP every 6-8 cm are placed on the maps of the support of the height of the supports (in meters). Along the LAP images on metal and reinforced concrete supports with a voltage of 35 kilovolts and more signed voltage (in kilovolt). With a high length of the voltage signature lines are placed in 15-20 cm.
35 (80). Several (two or three) next to running on separate supports of power lines can be pictured by a single line sign with the number of lines, if the gaps between the lines on the map scale are less than 0.8 mm. The symbol line is carried out: at two power lines on the position corresponding to one of them, at three power lines - by the position of the average of them. Along the image of several LAP signs of one line, the size of the lines and voltage in each of the lines is given, for example: 2 LAP X 11O KV or 2 LP - 150 and 110 kV.
On the cards are shown by the LEP on metal and reinforced concrete supports, if their routes are well designated on the ground (supports are installed). They are depicted by a conditional sign of acting with the signature under construction.
36 (81-84). Other pipelines (except gas pipelines) can be shown by the conditional signs of oil pipelines; At the same time, along the image of the pipeline is given a signature of the product being transported, for example: ammonia.
Several (two or three) nearby oil or gas pipelines with gaps between pipelines on a map scale less than 0.8 mm are shown by one of the pipeline sign or one gas pipeline sign with the signature of the passing oil pipelines or gas pipelines.
Several (two or four) nearby lines of oil pipelines and gas pipelines are shown by the conventional signs of the oil pipeline and the gas pipeline with a signature indicating how many oil pipelines and gas pipelines are held here.
The pipelines under construction, gas pipelines and other pipelines are depicted by the corresponding conditional signs of existing objects with the signature under construction. Only such pipelines under construction are applied to the cards, the position of which is clearly designated on the ground.
37 (85, 86). The duckers conventional sign shows the pipelines, laid through natural or artificial obstacles (rivers, channels, etc.), expressed on the scale of the card (2 mm and more width).
In the conditional sign of the trays for the forest descent and other materials, transverse signs are focused by the open side upside down.
Railways
38 (90, 91). The conventional railways are shown railways with a normal rail track (wide-frame). In the USSR, the normal rail width is 1524 mm, in most other countries - 1435 mm.
Cross strokes on railway signs lines denoting the number of paths are applied on the map of 1: 25,000 after 4 cm, on the map of the scale 1: 50,000 and 1: 100000 - after 3 cm. If the strokes cannot be applied in separate places in compliance with the specified Intervals, then small deviations are allowed. To indicate electrified railways, one of the signs indicating the number of paths is given with an additional longitudinal stroke.
39 (93). As a picture of the narrow-chain railways, the number of paths and the presence of electrified traction are not displayed. In areas of the image of narrow-skinned railways on embankments, transforming road signs of the road are not put, only landscaping touches (100.2) are given.
40 (95). During the image of the suspended roads on the map scale 1:25 000, reference farms are shown. Farms standing at the intervals between them 200 m or more are applied, with a smaller interval - with discharge, but so that the sign is well read (after 1.5-2 cm).
41 (96). The conditional signs of railway stations are used to denote the stations of any class in cases where the main buildings of stations (train stations), other buildings and structures, as well as station pathways in the complex are not expressed on the map scale. The flooded rectangle of the conditional sign of the stations is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the main building station (station), from the side of the railway sign, from which this building is located from the station paths.
If the main station building is located at some distance from the railway line (the distance between the line of the road sign and the sign of the main building station more than 1 mm), then instead of the conditional station of the station, the structure of the structure applies with the signature of VKS., And when depicting small stations, when except the train station No other large buildings - a sign of the structure with the signature of Art.
42 (97). The flooded rectangle of the conventional sign of traveling, platforms, overtaking and stopping points is placed on the spot corresponding to the position of the construction of the depicted object at the railway. Blocks, travel posts and posts under guarded movies (booths) are shown from the side of the line of the railway sign with which they are in reality. If the gap between the line of the railway and the structure of the specified objects is clearly expressed on the scale (more than 0.5 mm), then the structure of the structure to the line of the road line does not fit down (lumen is given).
43 (98). Loading and unloading pads on a map-long-term map are more than 1.5 mm are depicted by their actual length. Still deadlocks and driveways longer than 5 cm in the presence of space are shown by lines of the same thickness as the line of railways sign (0.5 mm).
Railways with large slots (20% or more) are highlighted by an angle marks (98.3); With the length of the section on the scale of the map up to 5 mm, the linked sign is located in the middle of the image of the road section, while the sign of the sign should be directed towards the lifting. At the length of the section of the road with a large bias from 5 mm to 1 cm, the signs are put at the beginning and end of the image of the site, and with a length of 1 cm and more signs are set in about 5 mm; Extreme - at the beginning and end of the image of the site. The conditional sign of pipes (98.4) is used to refer to the water-pouring devices under the earth's ropted railway.
44 (99, 100, 123). On the image of railway and automotive tunnels, the shaft trunks created for the maintenance of mining and ventilation are shown. Horizontal and inclined trunks (gallery), which will be located aside from the image of the tunnel, are shown by the circles with a diameter of 1.0 mm with signed pcs. (gallery), designations of shaft trunks (galley) are accompanied by digital signatures of the depth of mine (length gallery). The symbol of the relative sign should correspond to the length of the overpass on the map scale, but be at least 2 mm. An image of a high-length overpass is accompanied by an overpass signature.
45 (101). The conditional sign of the disassembled railway web is used for the image of the roads preserved on the terrain of the roads both wide-frame and narrow-chain. The strokes in relation to the syllable sign line are carried out at an angle of 60 °.
46 (102). The conventional signs of railways under construction are depicted roads that are in a state of construction. Only such sites of the roads under construction, the position of which is accurately designated on the ground is applied to the cards (construction works are underway along the road).
Roadside construction facilities (bridges, stations, etc.) are shown by the conditional signs of existing objects, with the exception of bridges expressed on the map scale, to which signatures are given.
47 (103). The metro lines are displayed on the maps of the entries of the inputs at the metro station and the plots of lines passing on the surface. The location of the subway line to the surface is denoted by a transverse touch, on one side of which two or three segments of the syllable sign of the tunnel are shown, and on the other (open part) the line of an electrified railway is carried out.
The conditional sign of the metro stations is placed on the spot corresponding to the entry position at the metro station. In the presence of several inputs to the station on the maps of scale 1: 25,000 and 1: 50,000, the main ones located on the main streets, street crossings, as well as having an outdoor lobby. On the map of the scale 1: 100000 of the metro station is shown in the presence of free space, as well as when they are arranged in the portions of the subway lines passing on the surface.
48 (104). With an image railway stations On scale, one main path is depicted with a line with a thickness of 0.5 mm, other paths - with lines with a thickness of 0.15 mm. If all paths depicted by lines with intervals are 0.3 mm, it is impossible to show, then the lines are carried out without saving the number of paths, but with the display of the configuration of the territory engaged in the railway tracks. It is also shown railway tracks at factories, ports, etc.
Semaphores and traffic lights are shown on the scale of scale 1:25,000. A circle at the top of the conditional sign of semaphores and traffic lights can be drawn to the right or to the left of the main figure, depending on the convenience of its placement.
Automotive and ground roads, trails
49 (105-109). In the image of topographic maps Road signs of various types are applied, depending on the technical perfection of roads - the width of the roadway, the construction of the base, type of coating and other characteristics set for roads of various categories.
The attitude of the roads to one or another class for the image on the maps is made in accordance with Art. 50-55 Data explanations on the basis of information about the categories of roads and their technical characteristics obtained in the road service departments.
50 (105). The conditional sign of motorways (motorways) is used to show high-class high-speed roads designed for the mass speed of motor vehicles (with the intensity of motion of more than 7,000 aut / day). According to its technical excellence and equipping, they must meet the requirements established for category I categories. Such roads have two passage parts of 7.5 m wide and more than a solid base and an improved overhaul (cement concrete, asphalt concrete, bridges from paving and mosaic on a concrete or stone base, etc.), the separation strip between different directions of motion of the width not less than 5 m and curb of 3.75 m; Longitudinal biases should be no more than 30%; Crossing with iron and roads, as a rule, at different levels. Plots of motorways on which the separation strip is expressed on the scale (width of more than 2 mm), are depicted as two roads with an improved coating (106).
51 (106). The conditional sign of roads with an improved coating (advanced highway) is used to show roads suitable for intensive motor vehicles (from 1500 to 7000 aut / day); Such roads must have a driving part of at least 7 m wide with a solid base and an improved capital or advanced lightweight coating (from asphalt concrete, bitumenineral mixtures, etc.). This conditional sign shows all the roads that meet the technical requirements set for roads II and III categories.
52 (107). The conditional sign of automotive coating roads (highway) is used for the image of roads with a passage width of 5-6 m, having a transitional coating (rubbed, gravel or other durable materials compacted; from soils and low-stage stone materials treated with various knitting substances, as well as bridges made of cobble or bridge stone). This conditional sign shows roads IV and partially v category.
53 (108). The conditional sign of high-coating roads (improved dirt roads) is used for the image of profiled, regularly repaired roads that do not have a solid base and coating, with a width of a carriage of at least 4.5 m. The cargo part must be strengthened or improved by various local materials - gravel, rubble, sand, etc.
During the image of the areas with a thick network of roads, the suspended roads of high-coating roads can also be shown with a coating road with a width of a carriage of 4.0 m and less.
54 (109). The conditional sign of automotive roads with a wooden coating is used for the image of roads suitable with the use of wood (fierce, log) for solid or collee coatings of the roadway. Such roads are laid in forest areas for the export of forest, entry to careers and for connections with roads of higher categories.
55 (105-109, 128, 345). On the images of roads of all categories, their characteristics are signed:
On the images of motorways - the width of the roadway to move in one direction with an accuracy of 0.5 m (zero of the tenths is not given), the number of passage parts and coating material;
On the images of roads with advanced coating and coated roads (including narrow roads depicted by the conditional sign of roadless roads without coating) - the width of the roadway (up to 0.5 m), the width of the road canvas (in all meters, in brackets), coating material;
On the images of roads without coating - the width of the roadway (in full meters);
On the images of roads with wooden coating - the width of the coating (for wine roads - along with the gap between the rings).
The coating material is denoted by conventional abbreviated signatures: a - asphalt concrete, asphalt; Mr.Gori; Bolshnik; To - stone cheat; BM - bitumenineral (or deghamnnergy); C - cement concrete; mixture; Shl - slag; BR - blocks; Shch - rubble.
The border of the change of the coating material is indicated on the image of the road in a transverse line, on both sides of which the signatures of the coating materials are given.
56 (110). The conditional sign of soil country roads is used for the image of non-profiled, rolled roads, as well as profiled (without the strengthening of the earth canvases and irregularly repaired) connecting small settlements between themselves and with larger settlements, stations, marins, as well as roads more High categories. Supported areas of roads (wetlands, entered by sand, etc.) are shown by the intermittent symbol line. In the images of ground country roads, their width is signed (in meters) in those places where the passage is possible only on the road (in the forest, in the swamp, etc.).
57 (111). The field and forest roads include dirt roads used by auto-road transport seasonally, mainly during periods of field work and logging. Temporary field roads to be dispensed at the end of the work season are not applied to the cards. Roads in hard-to-reach low-voltage areas, according to which transport movement is possible only on a caterpillar move, shown by the conditional sign of field and forest roads with the signature of the tractor, located along the image of the road route.
58 (112). Winter Roads - Seasonal Ways of Messages, laid in the winter time of the year through the frozen swamps, lakes, bays, by rivers, etc. For the image of winter roads, a conditional sign of field and forest roads is applied with a winter road signature (Autotransport, if winter roads are used by road) . Winter roads passing through the ice lakes, rivers, are shown by groups of strokes of the adopted conventional sign (the length of the stroke groups - 1-1.5 cm) with ruptures between groups of the same length. In this case, clearly, without breaks, the place of descent on the lake (river) and turns of the road should be shown. Zimnikov, passing through narrow rivers, are shown by sign bar strokes on both sides of the image of the river. On the images of the roads of the high length of signature, the winter or auto-winter is given in 10-15 cm.
59 (113). The conditional sign of the caravan pathways and the pack trail is used to designate the paths used by truck transport in semi-desert, desert and mountainous areas. Cravan paths in semi-desert and desert areas suitable for vehicles are highlighted by the signature disposed along their image, for example: Motion of vehicles can be moved at a speed of up to 30 km / h. Images of sections of a trail on artificial eaves (Ovrins) are accompanied by a width signed (low) and cornice lengths (in meters).
60 (115). The conditioned signs of the roads under construction are depicted roads that are in a state of construction (on the road road are conducted. Construction work). Sections of roads under construction, on which work not started, are not shown on the maps. Circums under construction (bridges, overpass, bus stations, etc.) are shown by the conditional signs of existing objects, with the exception of bridges expressed on the scale of the card, to which the signs of which are given a signature.
61 (116). Plots of roads with large slopes (8% or more) are highlighted by bargains. With the length of such sites on the map scale: up to 5 mm - one sign in the middle of the image image is set (the sign of the sign should be directed towards the lifting), from 5 mm to 1 cm - signs are set at the beginning and end of the image of the site, 1 cm and more Signs are set to about 5 mm, extreme - at the beginning and end of the image of the site with a large slope.
62 (118). An injalized conventional sign of transport junctions on roads is used for an image of an interchange on the scale of scale 1: 100000, if the area occupied by the entire system of the junction (overpass and roads connecting the passage of the intersecting roads) has dimensions less than 4.0x4.0 mm (on the map scale ).
63 (119). The conditional sign of motor vehicles is used to show special sites at high-categories highways. A necase-based conditional sign of vehicles is used, as a rule, on the maps of scale 1: 50,000 and 1: 100000. If the dimensions of the parking site exceed 2 mm2, then it is depicted on the scale. In all cases, the conditional sign of the parking lot is accompanied by the signature of R. Congresses on the roads are shown in accordance with their actual length, but the sign of the sign on the map should be at least 1 mm.
64 (120). The length of the rectangle in the conditional sign of the road numbers should allow the digital signature in it. If the road except the number is assigned an alphabet, then it is placed along with a digital signature.
Kilometer signs (pillars and stones) are shown on the map of districts, poor landmarks. The conditional sign (barcode) is drawn by perpendicular to the line of the road sign, from that side with which the location is located a kilometer sign. Digital signature at the stroke means the number of kilometers signed by a kilometer sign. If there is a mileage signature sign in both directions, both signatures with a separation of a sloping feature are placed, for example: 172/58.
Hydrography
69 (129). The conditional sign of constant and specific coastline is used for the image:
- coastline of the sea, corresponding to the water rivation line at the highest level during the tide, or the surf line - in the absence of adorid-taming phenomena;
- coastal lines of rivers and lakes, the corresponding water rivation lines in the aircraft (water level in the lowest standing season);
- coastline reservoirs corresponding to the lines of the normal retaining level (NPU).
70 (130). The conditional sign of the non-permanent coastline is applied on the maps of scale 1: 25,000 and 1: 50,000 for the image of the coastal lines of drying rivers and lakes, as well as shore reservoirs in the filling stage; The latter must match the level of water at the time of topographic shooting (updates). If the water level in the reservoir has been established without reaching the project mark, and it is not expected to increase it in the future, the coastline is shown as permanent and determined by actual the level achieved (medium over a number of years according to the hydraulic service).
The conditional sign of an uncertain coastline on the maps of scale 1: 25000, 1: 50000 is used for the image of the coastal lines of low-albele flooded coasts, rivers and lakes on the swamps, in smooth, when they are clearly not defined on the ground.
On the map of the scale 1: 100000 Non-permanent and uncertain coastlines are shown in one common sign.
In the conditional signs of coastlines (130), the lengths of the links and the magnitude of the gaps between them are indicated as an average of the average hydrography objects. As an image of small and large objects of the length of the links and the magnitude of the gaps can respectively decrease and increase to the values \u200b\u200b(in millimeters) specified in Table 1.
Table 1
71 (131). Coastal shallows, as well as non-shores to shores, shores are shown in cases where areas are clearly expressed in the map scale (at least 2.0x2.0 mm). The conditional sign of the shores of dangerous is used to allocate (according to sea cards) of coastal areas dangerous for sending vessels when the nature of the danger in these areas is unknown. Small sections of dangerous shores are shown in a single-chart sign with a radius of 2.0 mm.
72 (132). The conventional signs of the shirling shores (adorid-tidy bands) are used for the image of coastal strips and separate shallow water in removal from the shores, dry during ties, as well as drying coastal strips formed during periodic decreases of water levels in large reservoirs. Such beauty bands are shown with a width on a map scale of 2 mm and more.
73 (133). The conditional sign of the shores of cloth and rocky without a beach is used for the image of the cloth and rocky coast of the seas, lakes, as well as rivers wide on the scale of a card of 1.5 mm and more, if there is no pass between the shore and the passage. As an image of a river, less than 1.5 mm width rivers (rocky) shores without a beach are shown like a cloth (rocky) shores with a beach, not expressed on the map scale. At the same time, the troops of the cliff sign or the rock pattern should be closer to the coastline (133.2). As an image of the cloudy and rocky shores without a beach, the height of the surface of the cliff (rocks) is signed.
74 (134). Rivers (including channelized sections) are depicted in one or two lines depending on their width.
The rivers depicted in one line are shown, as a rule, with a gradual thickening of the line from the sources to the mouth. The rivers in the desert areas that are lost in the sands are shown first with gradual thickening, and then with a gradual decrease in the thickness of the line. As a river in the same line, its thickness in the sources of the river must be at least 0.15 mm, in the mouth of 0.2 to 0.5 mm (depending on the length of the river) and when switching to the image in two lines - 0, 5 mm. As an image in two lines of rivers, not expressed on the scale of the map, the thickness of each line should be about 0.1 mm, and the gap between them is 0.3 mm. The river width over 15, 30 and 60 m respectively on the maps of scale 1: 25,000, 1: 50000, 1: 100000 are depicted by their valid width on the map with lines with a thickness of 0.15 mm. In this case, the width of the gap between the coastal lines should be at least 0.4 mm.
75 (135, 136). Rivers and streams drying are depicted in one or two lines depending on their width in the same gradations that are taken for the image of rivers with constant watercourses, and with a gradual thickening of the line from the sources to the mouth (Article 74). The length of the syllable signs of drying rivers and streams depicted in one line, in the sources, it is given with a gradual increase from 1.0 to 2.0 mm between the links, there must be about 0.5 mm, with a large length of the river the length of the links increases to 3 , 0 mm, and the size of the gaps is up to 1.0 mm. The conditional sign of underground and disappearing areas of rivers shows areas on which water flows through underground channels of natural origin, as well as areas on which water is completely absorbed by the water permeable soil.
76 (137). Images of waterfalls and thresholds on rivers are accompanied by signatures of an ENP, pores. and a digital signature of the height of the water drop (in meters). Waterfalls and thresholds on rivers width wide on a map scale less than 2 mm, including those depicted in one line, are shown in a transverse touch.
77 (138, 140). The conditional sign of the start of regular shipping is placed perpendicular to the image of the river in the area of \u200b\u200bthe ultimate pier (anchor parking) at its shipping site. Shipping includes rivers and channels, on which regular shipping is carried out during the navigation.
The length of the arrows indicating the direction of the flow of rivers, as well as the channels having a constant flow, should be between 5 to 15 mm, depending on the value of the river (channel).
78 (141, 346). Images and channels of 5 m wide and the characteristics width are more given: the width (in full meters, is measured between the shorelines), the depth (up to 0.1 m) and the nature of the bottom of the bottom (B - viscous, K is rocky, P - sandy , T is solid). To the images of channels from 3 to 5 m wide, the same characteristic is given, but without specifying the nature of the bottom of the bottom.
For land regulatory channels and ditch, which are characterized by the presence of rollers and the impermanence of water levels, the distance between the coast lines at the level of the clod of the lower shore is taken as the width (if the height is different), and as an indicator of the depth - the distance vertical from the level of browing more Low shore to the bottom level in the middle of the channel (ditch).
79 (143-148). Channels and ditches are depicted in one or two lines depending on their width. Straight sections of channels (ditch) are applied according to a ruler. Channels and ditches of less than 3 m wide are shown in thickness lines: 0.2 mm - main (main), 0.15 mm - others. Channels and ditches of the same width are not highlighted as a special sign (they are shown as valid). The width of the conditional signs of underground and under construction (3 m and more widths) of the channels should be the same as the signs of the existing channels of the corresponding (width) gradations on the image of underground channels of the channels shows shaft trunks (viewing wells) and the signatures of their depths in meters are given.
80 (152). Conditional sign of dry ditching is used for the image of boundary, fire-fighting, abandoned land reclamation channels, as well as pvv, trenches and moves of the message in which most Warm year there is no water.
During the image of dry ditching width, more than 3 m are signed by their width (in meters). With a significant depth of dry ditch (more than 2 m) along their image, signature is given (brown) depth (up to 0.1 m), for example: ch. 2.5 m.
81 (153, 154, 346). Brody through rivers depicted in two lines are shown by a discontinuous line (with a river image width of less than 2 mm, one bar is given) with a BR signature. (ford.). The conditional signs of the roads are not brought to the coastline by 0.2-0.3 mm. Brody through the rivers depicted in one line are indicated only by the signature, road signs in this case are carried out through images of rivers without break. The designations of brodes through the rivers 5 m wide and are more accompanied by a characteristic, in the numerator of which the depth is indicated (with an accuracy of 0.1 m) and the width of the river (in full meters), in the denominator - the nature of the bottom of the bottom and the speed of the river flow (in meters per second ).
Transportations through rivers depicted in two lines with an image width of 2 mm and more, shown in the intermittent line. Transportations through rivers depicted in one line, as well as in two lines with a width of an image less than 2 mm, are shown in one touch; Conditional signs of roads are always interrupted. The image of transportation is given signature per. (transport).
82 (155). In cases where the conditional ferry crossing sign is freely not placed on the image of the river (less than 3.0 mm wide - on the scales of 1: 25,000, 1: 50,000 and 2.5 mm - on the map scale 1: 100000), the sign is carried out On the image of sushi, having it on the right or left bank, depending on the convenience of accommodation. When depicting large rivers and lakes (width on a map of 1 cm or more) in the conditional fire of the ferry crossing, the solid line connecting the coast is replaced by intermittent (the length of the strokes is 1.5 mm, the gaps between them are 0.5 mm).
83 (156). The conditional sign of bridges through minor obstacles and pipes is used to designate on bridge maps across rivers, channels and other obstacles to them with a width of less than 3 m, as well as structures in the form of pipes on railways and roads serving to pass water under the canvas. According to the image of the road linen, the line in the conditioned sign connecting the "mustache" is not carried out (only "mustache" is shown - from the line of the road sign).
84 (157-162). Various conventional bridge signs are used depending on the size and design of bridge structures. From among the bridges, special conditional signs are allocated: bunk bridges, bridges for two roads (iron and automotive) on a common span base and on broken spans, lifting and divorce bridges. The floodplain and other bridges that have important design features are shown by the bridge conventional sign with the corresponding explanatory signature (added, hanging, etc.).
85 (163, 347). The designations of bridges are more than 3 m long, located on automotive and dirt roads, their characteristics are signed: letters - the material of the span structure (D - wooden, ZB is reinforced concrete, to - stone, m - metallic); The numbers are in the numerator length of the bridge, including the coastal foundations, and the width of the roadway (in meters), in the denominator - carrying capacity (estimated automotive load, in tons), if the load capacity of the bridge exceeds 100 tons, then the SV signature is given. 100. In the designations of bridges through shipping rivers, in addition, it is indicated (after the signature denoting the material of the construction) the height of the farm nose above the water level (in the interlene).
When depicting floors, the construction material is not specified.
The characteristic of railway bridges is placed at a length of bridges 100 m or more; The characteristic indicates the construction material, the height of the water level on the shipping rivers (in the interlea) to the lower part of the span structure, the length and width of the bridge (in meters). Travel characteristics are placed on cards, if the roads, (including roadless roads) pass under bridges, overpass, aqueducts, arches.
86 (164). The conditional sign of gateways not expressed on the map scale is used to designate gateways in which the distance between the input and output gates (shutters) is less than 2 mm on the map scale; The conditional sign is placed on the spot corresponding to the middle of the gateway system. With distances between gates of 2 mm gateways and the gate is more showing according to their locality. The domestic gate is indicated if the distance between the gate is 1 mm and more. Gatelands with bridges are shown by a combination of signs. When depicting gateways (gateway gate), the sign of the sign should be directed against the flow of the river (channel).
Gateways are accompanied by a characteristic in which are indicated; The number of cameras (starting from two), the length of the smallest chamber and the width of the gate (in all meters), the depth on the threshold of the gate (up to 0.1 m).
87 (165, 166). The conditional sign of the coast with strengthened slopes is used to highlight the shores of canalized rivers and channels with slopes, reinforced concrete or stone plates, reinforced concrete frames, stuffed with stone, etc., if rivers and channels are depicted in two lines on the map scale and the length of the fortified slopes not less than 3 mm. The embankments are shown if they are located on the rivers depicted in two lines with a width of their images of 1.5 mm and more. The length of the quays on the map scale must be at least 3 mm.
88 (167-169, 347). The characteristic is placed in the image of the surface dams in length, as a rule, more than 100 m, and in some cases less than 100 m (for example, to the image of high-altitude dams on mountain rivers). The characteristic indicates: the material of the structure (ZBB is reinforced concrete, earth - earth, k - stone), length and width of the dam (in meters), the marks of the upper and lower water levels; The pictures of the passage dams are also placed a height mark on the ridge of the dam, only signatures of the top and lower water levels are given to images of underwater dams.
As a picture of the hydraulic circulation representing a complex of hydraulic structures, a more detailed characteristic of the dam is placed: the material of the construction of the water-feling and separately deaf part of the dam, the length of the water-feling part and the total length of the dam, as well as the width of the dam on top of the rope are indicated. If there are several waterproofs (including waterproofs that serve to reset flood water), their total length is indicated. Instead of the marks of the upper and lower water levels, the difference of these levels is signed.
Near the dam, a reservoir feature is placed near the dam, if its volume is at least 0.001 km3. The characteristic indicates the full volume of the reservoir (in cubic kilometers) - at volume: over 10 km3 - with rounding to whole cubic kilometers, from 0.1 to 10 km3 - to 0.1 km3, from 0.001 to 0.1 km3 - to 0.001 km3 - and water mirror area (in whole square kilometers).
89 (170, 171). On the maps of scale 1: 25000 and 1: 50,000 dams, the width of which is not expressed on the map scale, are depicted in two lines with transverse strokes. Interhecular rollers in rice fields, salt developments, etc. are depicted in one line with transverse strokes. On the map scale 1: 100000 All dams and rollers whose width is not expressed on the scale, are depicted in one line with transverse strokes.
Obdated (limited damasters) sites of rivers and channels depicted in two lines, as well as channels depicted in one line with a thickness of 0.3 mm, are shown in the color (grid) color of water space given between the lines of the dam; If the dam is available only on the one hand, then on the other hand the image is carried out by the coastline. Folded rivers depicted in one line, as well as channels and ditches, depicted in one line with a thickness of 0.15 or 0.2 mm, are shown by conventional signs between the lines of the dam; In order to avoid coating, the map of the river on such sites are drawn up without gradual thickening of lines.
90 (172). The size of the conditional signs of aqueducts is established depending on their length, as adopted for the conventional parts of the bridges (157, 158).
91 (173). The conventional sign of the boundaries and the areas of the reservoir under construction is used to display on the map of the flooding areas of the reservoir under construction. The boundaries of flooding areas are applied according to the data of the approved hydraulic project.
Shrafication on the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe image of the flooded area is uniformly - approximately at an angle of 45 ° to the direction of the river. The image of the objects of the terrain (settlements, roads, etc.) on the squares to be flooded is full.
92 (174). The spills of large rivers and lakes and areas flooded in the rain period are shown on the cards with a width of the flooded band on the ground, as a rule, at least 1 cm (on the map scale) and the duration of flooding for more than two months. With a high length of the flooding band and the duration of the water, the spills are shown at a narrower strip, but not already 5 mm. Separate flooded areas are highlighted at an area of \u200b\u200b0.5x1.0 cm. The conditional signs of spills (groups of points) are given in a checker order; The boundaries of the flooded area are indicated by the location of the signs. At the same time, to achieve the clarity of the designation of the boundaries of spills and sections of flooding, the conditional signs are allowed to be located arbitrarily, but so that the distances between them were at least 2 mm. In the images of spills and flooded sites, signatures are placed, for example: the period of laying May-June or the field of flooding June-July. If the floodplain of the river or flooded plot is swallowed, the spill areas are not shown, that is, the conventional sign of spills is not applied to the image of the swamp.
93 (175, 177, 178). Water pipes (ground and underground) are shown when they are lengthed cards 1 cm and more if they pass out of settlements. Water pipelines with a length of 1 to 1.5 cm are depicted with a linus with one circle in the middle.
The conventional signs of caryzov (valid and unaccounty) are used to designate underground machines for collecting groundwater and withdrawing them to the surface (there are underground waterborne and water gallery galleries with ventilation wells; distributed in the foothill and mountainous regions of Central Asia and the Transcaucasus). On the maps showing carys with a length of at least 1 cm (no less than two circles of the conventional sign with adjacent strokes should be fitted).
94 (179-183, 186, 187). The designations of the wells that do not have their own names that need to be highlighted as benchmarks, the signature of K. Designations of Artesian Wells, Artesian Wells are accompanied by a signature of art.k. The conditional sign of the main wells shows wells in arid and anhydrous areas having a greater filler, good quality water located in the nodes of roads (caravan pathways).
On the maps created for dry and anhydrous areas, in the images of the main wells, wells with a windy engine, concreted wells with a mechanical climb of water, artesian wells and wells, and the signatures of their characteristics are placed: the level of the earth level, the depth of the well in meters ( The images of the artesian wells and wells are not given), high-quality water features (salty, bitter-salty; Fresh is not indicated) and the reservation of the well or the flow rate of the artesian well, well, source (in liter-clock). The signatures of the characteristics are also accompanied by the designations of wells, in which there are no water (dry, covered). On the map scale 1:25,000 other areas in the designations of the wells are signed by the level of the level of the earth, the depth of the well and the qualitative features of water.
95 (185). The conventional sign of reservoirs and other structures for collecting water not expressed on the map scale is intended to show reservoirs, swimming pools, sard, tanks, rainmates and other objects like it in arid and anhydrous areas at the area of \u200b\u200btheir scale less than 1 mm2; The conditional sign is accompanied by an explanatory signature of VD., BAS., SARDOBA, etc. Foods for collecting water with an area of \u200b\u200b1 mm2 and are more shown on the scale - blue lines (boundaries of structures) and the background color (grid) adopted for the image of the water area.
96 (190). The conventional marks of marine ferries (rail and automotive) are used for the image on the maps of sea and lake ferry in self-propelled ferry, specially equipped for the transport of railway cars or cars. Ferries equipped with the joint transport of wagons and cars are shown by the conventional sign of railway ferries. If the final ferry crossing points are shown outside of this sheet, then the names of the end items are signed along the line of the conventional symbol; If only one of the end items is depicted on the sheet, the name of another end item is signed.
97 (193). The conditional sign of malls and berths, not expressed on the scale of the card, shown moles and pierters wide on the map scale less than 0.5 mm; The length of the image of such structures should correspond to their valid length on the map scale, but be at least 1 mm. If you need to show shorter moles and berths, they are depicted with 1 mm long signs.
98 (194). The length of the segments of lines denoting the grooves and buns should correspond to their actual length on the map scale, but be at least 1 mm; If you need to show shorter buns, they are depicted by segments of lines of 1 mm long. With the width of the image of the river, less than 2 mm buns are not shown.
99 (195-197). Small-size banks, stones (underwater, surface and oral-holing), individual islands and surface rocks that are not expressed on the scale of the card, the position of which is accurately determined (on marine maps they are indicated by a dotted circle) are shown on the maps first.
The cliffs are supervised in contrast to the individual islands that are not expressed in the scale of the card are depicted with the signature of the SC. The designations of the surface islands and rocks are given signatures of their height over the water (in meters).
100 (198, 199). Conditional signs of reefs (underwater and white) reefs are shown regardless of their nature (coral or rocky), which are clearly expressed on the map scale (more than 2 mm2); The small reef areas (up to 2 mm2) are shown according to the conditional signs of the stones of underwater (196.1) and drying (196.3).
101 (201, 202). Signs of the depths of the depths and inventates on the maps are displayed the relief of the seas, large lakes and reservoirs, as well as large rivers, for which marine navigation maps and inland waterways are used. If there are topographic filming materials of the shelf, lakes, reservoirs and major rivers, their bottoms can be portrayed with horizontals (brown) and altitude marks given to the Baltic height system.
102 (203, 204). The conventional beacon sign is used to designate on the cards of tower-type facilities equipped with a light-optical system and intended for orientation during seafares. The conditional sign of the lights shows light-signaling devices installed on masts, buildings and other structures in port areas and employees for orienting on the approach of ships to the port and enter the port. Lights with their large numbers are applied to the cards with the selection.
Lighthouses are not shown on the maps, as well as lights whose position on the marine map shows approximately.
103 (208, 209). Conditional signs of dry docks, slips and stapels are used to show these objects in a complex with other structures in the image of shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises on a map scale.
104 (210, 211). The conditional sign of the deposit places of the fin is applied to show such places area on a map scale of at least 25 mm2. The conventional algae sign is used to designate algae clusters on marine coasts, as well as on large rivers and lakes.
Relief
105 (213). Horizontal main, additional (semi-migorizontali) and auxiliary are carried out at the originals of the cards of well-pillable lines with a thickness of 0.1 mm (no less), thickened by horizontal lines with a thickness of 0.2 mm. Pointers of the direction of the skate (Bergshtrichtri) are shown by thin tons of 0.6 mm long.
Horizontal on the publishing original are carried out through the designations of all objects without breaks, with the exception of rivers and channels depicted in two lines, promoters and ravines wide on the scale of the card less than 3 mm, recesses, holes, quarries, dams, bugro, dackes. In cases where the relief of the bottom of rivers and channels shown in two lines is depicted by horizontals and altitude marks according to Art. 101, horizontally through images of these objects are also carried out without breaks.
Horizontal digital signatures should navigate to their base down the slope and, if possible, parallel to the southern or east side of the sheet frame.
106 (214). Dry beds (Uzboi, Wadi, etc.) are depicted in one or two lines depending on their width, as is customary for the image of rivers and streams, and with a gradual thickening of the line from the sources to the mouth (Article 74). The length of the syllable signs of the dry bed is set in accordance with the instructions given by the image of the drying rivers and the lakes (Article 70, 75). With the width of the dry bed on the scale of the card 3 mm and more between the lines depicting the shores, horizontals are conducted, and with a width of 1.5 mm and more appropriate symbols, the bottom of the bottom (sands, pebble and gravel surfaces, stony axle) are displayed. The bottom of the DNA Kotlovin of dried lakes is also displayed. If there is no data to display the bottom of the bottom of the dry bed or a hood of a dried lake, then sands (even) are shown between the coastal lines.
107 (216). Signatures of heights of heights at crossroads of roads, individual trees and buildings that are references are given as examples; Heights marks can be placed in the designations of other objects that are reference points.
108 (220). For the image of the rod-remains there is a conditional sign of two sizes. The larger sign is used to highlight the largest cliffs that can serve as good guidelines.
109 (221). The conditional signs of separately lying stones and clusters of stones are provided for the image of large separately lying stones and clusters of stones that can serve as benchmarks.
110 (222). The conventional signs of the pits are the various pit, formed as a result of human activity (production, destroyed dugouts, cellar, etc.), as well as similar forms of natural origin (karst funnels, expressed on the scale of the card, failures, etc.).
The conventional signs of Kurgan and Bugrov are shown both artificial (bulk) bumps and various bugs of natural origin, such as hydrolylaccolites, or icy hills (Bulgunitsa) common in the districts of permafrost. The latter designations are accompanied by an ice signature. Hill or Bulg., Depending on how they are called on the ground.
111 (223). The conditional sign of coastal shafts, historical, etc. The narrow shafts of artificial (bulk) and natural origin (on the shores of the seas, rivers, in areas of glaciation), which cannot be expressed by horizontals are shown on the terrain.
112 (224). The conditional sign of karst funnels, not expressed on the scale of the card, the funnels of karst and thermocarbon origin diameter on the scale of the card are less than 2 mm. Large forms of karst (thermocartam) formations are depicted by conventional signs of the PMs, expressing on the map scale (222), cliffs (237), rocks (229.7), etc., as well as horizontals. At the same time on the map of the map, where the distribution of karst (thermocartam) formations is displayed, the signature of the Cars (thermocars) is given.
113 (225). The inputs in the caves and the grotto are depicted on the maps signs with appropriate signatures (CAB., Grotto).
114 (226). Craters of volcanoes, expressed on the map scale, are shown by conventional cliffs (237), rocks (229.7) or horizontals (if the inner slopes of the crater gerier). Images of separately located mud volcanoes are accompanied by a mud signature., And groups of volcanoes - the signature of mud.
115 (227). Conditional sign of Daeques is depicted narrow (not expressed on the scale of the map), cool-free ridges from solid rocks, located on mountain slopes often inconsistent with a common surface bias. Images are significant by the length or height of the dacies are accompanied by the signature of their relative height.
116 (228). The conditional lava flow sign depicts the streams of frozen lava on the slopes and at the foot, as a rule, acting volcanoes, not exposed to severe erosion, devoid of soil layer and vegetation. In contrast to the lava flows, the ancient outpouring of the lava in the desert areas, the so-called lava covers (fields), depending on the nature of their surface, should be depicted by conventional signs of rocky places and crushed stone surfaces (280.1), capened surfaces (280.2), pebble and gravel surfaces ( 281). On the areas of the lava cover images are given a lava cover signatures (one signature by 1-1.5 DM2).
117 (230, 232, 233). The borders of fibils and eternal snow are denoted by dotted line (blue), except when they pass on natural borders (rocks, cliffs). The images of glacial languages \u200b\u200bwill be represented by thin lines of blue. Images of the fibilion and the glacier are not separated by the circuit.
According to the stroke pattern, the rocks and scales in places where the mark allows, horizontals are carried out corresponding to the thickened, but with a decrease in their thickness to 0.1 mm.
When you see steep slopes in areas where the gaps between horizontals are less than 0.2 mm, the fusion of horizontals is allowed (if the length of the area on the map is less than 1 cm) or between the thickened horizontals are not four, but three or two intermediate horizontals (if the length of the site More than 1 cm), and the remaining horizontals are interrupted. In the image of the ledges (rods), the horizontal is carried out without breaks.
118 (236). Raisses and widths of up to 5 w on the scales 1:25 000 and 1: 500,000 and up to 10 m on a 1: 100000 scale map are depicted in one line, in two lines - with greater width. Raisters having a width on a 1 mm card scale or more, are shown in two lines with cloth. According to the image of the bottom of ravines having a width of 3 mm and more, horizontal is conducted. The images of ravines and promotions are given signatures of their characteristics: widths (top) and depths (in meters). The characteristic is signed in the middle part of the image of the ravine or promine, and with a significant length of their length - in several places (after 3-5 cm). With a large number of small ravines and promoters, some of them are depicted without signatures of characteristics.
119 (231). Conditional signs of ice cliffs (barriers) and mysteries of ice are used to display cliffs on the glaciers, as well as in the formation of iceberg and outcrops underground icecovered with a layer of soil. With the width of the image in terms of more than 1.5 mm, the rock sign is applied, with a smaller width - a sign of cliffs.
120 (234, 235). Aslant conventional sign is shown year-round river and soil nondes, which are generated in the floodplates of rivers and in the exits of groundwater in the regions of permafrost during the area of \u200b\u200b10 mm2 cards and more. Local sites are depicted by intermittent horizontals. On the upper edge of the image of the landslide section shows a breakdown, if it is clearly expressed on the terrain. Vegetation on landslides is depicted with appropriate conditional signs. To highlight the scale on the map of 1:25,000, a conditional sign is used in the form of inclined strokes, which are conducted at an angle of 45 ° with respect to the southern side of the leaf frame.
Vegetable cover and soils
121 (238). Clearly defined on the ground of the contour of the sections of vegetable cover, soils and passengers are depicted by dotted line. The squares of the cards corresponding to the position passed on the ground, no conditional sign is filled. Small sites pasted, located in areas, poor landmarks, are allocated by contour and signature P (Pashnya). When performing a dotted line, the uniformity of the location and the same saturation of points must be respected. To the districts of S. large quantity The locality circuits are allowed to obtain a dotted machine by dismembering the lines on the points when filming using a standard point grid. In this case, the method of contours of the plots is depicted with lines with a thickness of 0.2 mm on a separate basis. From the resulting original, the contour image is in an intermediate diapositive using a point grid (50% mesh in 34 lin / cm).
122 (239, 240, 247-251). Forests, lowered (dwarf) forests, forest pigs, forest nurseries and young forest landing up to 4 m high are depicted with a division on coniferous, deciduous and mixed, for which barcrane signs are used. The prevailing breeds of trees are indicated by signatures (in conditional reduction, and if conditional contractions are not provided for them, then in full form). As a mixed forest, two main breeds are indicated. Mixed forests include those in which the trees of one rock make up no more than 80% of the stand. Next to the Sign of the Forest Breed, including a shorter, the characteristic of the stand is signed. In the characteristic of the forefores, the average values \u200b\u200bare indicated (medium height, thickness and distance between trees).
To short-lived (dwarf) forests include forests in which "adults" trees due to adverse conditions for growing (swamp, stony soils) have a height of less than 6 m. The characteristic of the stands of a low (dwarf) forest is signed only as large arrays (map scale area More than 25 cm2) in the same form, as well as the characteristic of the ordinary forest.
The cutting sign of the forests, forest nurseries and young landings of the forest are depicted areas of wood vegetation with a height of trees up to 4 m. In the designations of the rocks, forest nurseries and young landings of the forest, only the average height of trees (in meters) is signed; The height of trees is less than 1 m is indicated in tenth meters.
The conditional sign of the Burls is used for the image of forest areas, on which more than half of the trees. The borerome areas located among forest arrays are highlighted at an area on a map scale of 25 mm2 and more, and in the open area - with an area of \u200b\u200b10 mm2 or more. If less than half of the trees and the forest were put on the site, in this place became difficult, then such a plot is shown as a forest and on his image signs of Burzelov.
The conventional sign of rare forests (gentlemen) is used for the image of a dry-rich, which does not have a closed color, when the lumens between the crowns of trees make up in the forests of the middle strip of two or five diameters of the crown (depending on the tree of trees), and in the rarefied woods of arid and permafront areas - up to seven diameters. During long distances between krons, wood vegetation is shown by the conditional sign of individual trees (244, 245). Raddleshaye is shown on the maps in combination with the designations of ground vegetation cover or the surface of the soil (a parallers in pores, shrubs, herbal vegetation, on clay and stony surfaces, etc.).
The conditional sign of burners and dry forests is used for the image of the forest areas, in which most of the trees are dried or burnt. The conditioned sign of the cuttered forests shows the sections of the former forest, which stumps are preserved. The conditional sign is used in combination with the designation of terrestrial vegetation (herbal vegetation, shrubs or scrubbed forests).
123 (241, 256). Conditional signs of narrow strips of forest and protective frisms and narrow strips of shrubs and alive hedges are shown strips of wood and shrub plantings, whose width on a map scale is less than 1.5 mm. The strips of such plantings of greater width are shown according to the conditional signs of the forest or, with an height of plantings up to 4 m, the forests are furiously either by the sign of solid thickets of shrubs. Figures indicate the average height of trees (in meters); The height of the plantations is less than 1 m is indicated in the decisions of the meter.
124 (242-246). The conditional sign of small areas of the forest, not expressed on the scale of the card, shows small groves (rods) in the forest-steppe and other areas in cases where they do not matter the landmarks due to their large amounts on the ground.
The conventional signs of individual groves (coniferous, deciduous, mixed, as well as palm groves), not expressed on the scale of the map, and the signs of separate trees and individual palm trees are used for the image of respectively small groves and trees that have landmarks.
Palm groves, expressed on the map scale, are depicted by the background color, accepted for the image of the forest, with rarely located signs of palm trees (on large areas, palm signs are given after 2-3 cm). The conditional sign of individual trees that do not have landmarks is used to show trees inside the quarters of settlements, in individual courtyards and buildings, on the vegetables, arable land, etc.
125 (252). Opening in the forest 20, 40 and 60 w wide and more respectively on the maps of scale 1: 25000, 1: 50000 and 1: 100000 are shown in two intermittent thin lines in accordance with their valid width on the map scale; In the lumen between the lines of the conventional sign, the green fill is not given. Smaller widths are shown in one intermittent line.
Roads, borders, communication lines, ditches and other objects passing through the spaces that are not expressed on the scale of the card are shown by the conventional signs; In these cases, the conditional sign of the request is not drawn.
126 (253-255, 257-259). The conditional signs of shrubs (ordinary and prickly) are depicted, consisting of perennial rigid plants with a height of 0.8 to 6 m, branched at the surface of the soil. Separate bushes and groups of bushes are shown in one mark, the circle of which must correspond to the position of the bush or the center of the group of bushes on the ground.
The breed and height of the shrubs are designated in the image of solid thickets. The average height of shrubs is indicated in the decisions of the meter, if it is less than 1 m, and in the whole meters - with greater height.
Saksaul - Wood vegetation in semi-desert and desert areas, characterized by special drought resistance. The height of trees is up to 6 m (white saxaula) and up to 10 m (black). On the maps there are separate groups of saksaul and solid thickets. When you depicting continuous thickets of sacsaul with numbers in 4-6 cm signs, the average height of trees is signed (in full meters).
The conventional stabel sign is used for the image on the maps of a latically resistant (from 0.5 to 3 m) of the deciding vegetation from coniferous or hardwood growing in adverse conditions (in the pre-attic areas in the mountains). As a picture of continuous thickets, the breed is designated and the average height of the styloan is signed, as taken as shrubs image.
Bamboo - rustic plants from the family of cereals, forming difficult-walled thickets. Stems of some types of bamboo reach a height of 20 m or more and thickness up to 30 cm. Widely distributed in tropical areas. Bamboo thickets are shown at the area of \u200b\u200ba map of 10 mm2 and more with the termination of their image; Stroke marks are placed evenly along the contrary area without separation.
127 (260). Mangrove thickets - woody and shrub vegetation on lowland seabed, shallow water and in the lane of drying of the tropical zone. Mangall vegetation on the coast is shown by signs in combination with the image of an impassable and difficult marsh (271), and the coastline on such sites is depicted by a sign of an indefinite coastline (130.2). Digitles with signs are signed by the average height of mangroves (in meters).
128 (262, 263). The conventional signs of fruit and citrus gardens with vineyards and fruit-berry gardens are used for the image of mixed gardens, in which the rows of planting fruit (citrus) trees alternate with the rows of vectors or a berry plant.
129 (264, 265). The conventional signs of rice fields are used for the image of the land, constantly used under rice crops, growing under conditions of strong soil moisturizing, created by multiple watering or solid flooding with water. Rice fields due to excess soil moisturizing during rice vegetation becomes impassable for vehicles.
Different conditional signs on the maps show rice fields, moistened during the growing season, and rice fields flooded in the period (three months or more) of vegetation. Moisturizing and flooding of rice fields is created using irrigation systems or as a result of a large amount of precipitation (in the period of merry rains). The conditional sign of plantations of technical crops shows the plantations of wood, shrub and herbaceous crops, for the designation of which special signs are not provided. Plants of those cultures, land plots which are busy constantly. Types of crops are denoted by signatures ting, rose, jute, etc.
130 (266-270). Herbal vegetation on a 1: 25000 scale map is depicted with a division into a meadow, low-alkaline moisture (essay, fluffy, etc.) and high-profile. On the maps of scale 1: 50,000 and 1: 100000 meadow and low-aligned moisture vegetation are shown by one conventional sign - meadow vegetation.
Reed and cane thickets are shown in the image of the lowland coast and the water surface of rivers and overgrowing the lakes. The conventional signs of such vegetation are placed without separation after 0.5-1 cm.
The conventional signs of the Mountains that are not expressed on the map scale are used for the image of small wet or wetlands standing on the terrain at a map scale less than 10 mm2 with a larger area of \u200b\u200bmionazhkins are depicted on maps with termination. Mountains with herbal vegetation are shown only on the map of scale 1: 25,000. Plots of wetlastics are shown on the cards of all three scales at an area of \u200b\u200bat least 10 mm2, if they are characteristic of the area or are reference points. The conditional sign of the shrubs is used to display on the map scale 1:25 000 spreading of shrubberry vegetation (heather, ribbons, blueberries, etc.) in combination with other types of vegetation or soils (for example, a richness and blueberries in a rare low-spirited forest for a robe). If there is a solid tier of higher vegetation (forest, shrub), shrubs are not shown.
The conventional marks of moss vegetation and lichen vegetation are used for the image of these types of vegetation in cases where there is no solid tier of other higher vegetation on these areas. On the scales of 1: 50,000 and 1: 100000, these types of vegetation are shown by one conventional sign - moss and lichen vegetation.
131 (271-274). When depicting small swamps and salt marshes (an area on a map scale is less than 1 cm2), the distance between the conventional sign troops decreases to 0.8 mm on the scales of 1:25 000 and 1: 50,000 and 0.6 mm on the map of the scale 1: 100000. The conditional signs of vegetation on the image of the marshes are located without separation. In combination with the conventional marches of the marshes, other types of vegetation and soils can be displayed (for example, shrubs, knocked surfaces, etc.).
The depth of the marshes is signed up to 0.1 m at a depth of 0.5 to 2 m. At a greater depth, the signature is deeper than 2 m. On the image of the swamp area to 50 cm2 is given one signature of depth in the place corresponding to its deeper part; In the image of the marshes of a larger area - one or two signatures per 1 dm2.
132 (275). The conventional sign of the tactics is used for the image of the plane deserted vegetation of the plots of the clay surface with a solid crust, broken with small cracks. Tactics on a map scale less than 25 mm2 are shown in one barn sign, without protrusion and background color.
133 (276). The conditional sign of polygonal surfaces is used for the image of the areas common in the tundra and mountainous areas with surfaces, separated by ridges or broken cracks forming a peculiar pattern of polygons (polygons). On the map of the scale 1: 25000 The figures of the signs of polygonal surfaces in general should transmit valid forms of polygons on the ground.
134 (277). The conventional sign of surfaces with erases, not expressed on the scale of the card, is used for the image of the area characteristic of the tundra areas with numerous torch or soil strursions. Conditional signs on the area of \u200b\u200bthe image of these sites are placed without separation. The relative lifetime of the location of the bugs on the plot is displayed thickness.
Separate bugs that are highlighted in height on the ground are shown by the conventional sign of Kurgan and Bugrov (222) according to Art. 110.
135 (278). The conventional sign of clay surfaces is used for the image on the map of scale 1: 25,000 found in the desert areas of nude areas with clay or thin soil during their area on the map scale of at least 1 cm2.
136 (280.1). Stony axles and crushed stone surfaces are characterized by a cluster on the surface of an angular chipboard. Stony plaque are inherent in flat tops, gentle slopes and maternity hospitals; Crushed stone surfaces are spread on plains in desert and semi-desert areas where they can occupy large areas. This conventional sign can be used in combination with the designations of wood or shrub vegetation, both rarefied and solid (for example, a rare forest on rocky places, thickets of spiny shrubs on a rubbed surface, and so paragraph.).
137 (280.2). The conventional sign of stony surfaces is used for the image of the area outlets of monolithic (solid, predominantly rock) rocks, completely nude or poorly covered weathering materials, during their area on a map scale of at least 1 cm2.
138 (282-286). Sand relief shapes on a scale map 1: 25,000 are shown by horizontals, and the presence of sandy soil is displayed by the sandy sign of the sand. On the maps of 1: 50,000 and 1: 100,000 horizontals are used to transmit large forms of sand relief, small shapes of sand relief are depicted with appropriate conditional signs. As a picture of the Grocery and Dune Sands, the conditioned signs should be located in accordance with their landmarking, which depends on the direction of the dominant winds. As a block sand, the marks of the vegans are focused on the direction of the dominant winds ("horns" to the side where the wind blows). The image of the sands on the maps is supplemented with signatures of their species and height of sandy forms, for example: sand grade; The height is 10-15 m, one signature by 1 - 1.5 DM2).
The coordinate system is a set of lines and planes oriented in a certain way in space, relative to which the position of the points (objects, goals) is determined. The lines adopted for the initial serve as coordinate axes, and planes - coordinate planes. Corner and linear values \u200b\u200bthat are determined in a particular coordinate system The position of points on the line, surface or in space is called coordinates.
In science, technology, architecture, military, there are various coordinate systems. In each particular case, coordinate systems are used that best meet the requirements for determining the position of objects.
Depending on the nature of the tasks of solved and the required accuracy, the position of the points on the surface of the Earth is all determined in systems of geographical, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates. The spatial position of the points in each coordinate system is additionally determined by the height of these points above the level of the surface adopted for the initial (paragraph 2.3).
The coordinate systems mentioned above are widely used in military topography. They allow you to relatively simply and unambiguously determine with the necessary accuracy of the positions of points (objects, goals) on the earth's surface according to the measurement results performed directly on the area or on the map.
System of geographic coordinates A system in which the position of the point on the earth's surface is determined by the angular values \u200b\u200b(lard and longitude) relative to the planes of the equator and the initial (zero) meridian. In the Russian Federation and in most other states for the initial adopted Greenwich Meridian. The account of geographic coordinates is conducted from the point of its intersection with the equator.
Thus, the geographic coordinate system is one for the entire surface of the Earth. It allows you to determine the mutual position of objects located at considerable distances from each other. In a military case, this system is used mainly when using long-range combat facilities (ballistic missiles, aviation and others). When solving tactical problems, the use of this system is limited by the inconvenience of working with coordinates expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds.
Fig. 5.1.
The system of flat rectangular coordinates is zonal. In each six-genera zone, which is divided by the entire surface of the Earth during its image on the map in the Gauss projection, a system of flat rectangular coordinates is established (Fig. 5.1). The axes of coordinates serve as an axial meridian zone and equator. Each zone is accepted for the plane.
Thus, the planned position of the point of the earth's surface in the six-genera zone is determined by two linear values \u200b\u200brelative to the axial meridian of this zone and the equator.
The coordinate zones have sequence numbers from one to 60, increasing from the west to the East. The western meridian of the first zone coincides with Meridian Greenwich. Consequently, the coordinate axes of each zone occupy a strictly defined position on the earth's surface. Therefore, the system of flat rectangular coordinates of any zone is associated with the coordinate system of the remaining zones and with the system of geographic coordinates of points on the surface of the Earth.
Rectangular coordinates are most widely used in solving practical tasks on the ground and on the map. They are more convenient than geographical coordinates, as it is easier to operate with linear values \u200b\u200bthan corner.
The polar coordinate system consists of a point called pole, and the initial direction - polar axis. The position of any point on the earth's surface in this coordinate system is determined by the angle of direction to it relative to the polar axis and the distance from the pole to the point. In the topogeodesic preparation of the start of missiles and artillery firing and in some other cases, geographical or rectangular coordinates are deducted into polar coordinates. Often the polar coordinate system is used as a local system, for example, when azimuth and range is targeted.
The bipolar coordinate system (two-pole system) consists of two fixed points, called poles, and directions between them, which is called basis or database. The position of any point on the earth's surface is determined in this system with two angles of directions from the poles to the point relative to the base. If there is no visibility between the poles, then the directions to the point in this coordinate system can be determined relative to any other direction adopted for the initial, for example, the directions of the magnetic meridian. The system of bipolar coordinates is often used in artillery when seeding goals, references, etc.
Plan
1) cartography (card elements, squares, snail, azimuth, position definition) and navigation (by hours
azimuth, returning orders for travel).
2) Distance definition (map, steps, thousandth, optics).
3) side structure and call sign (group, office, platoon and their calls)
4) Communication and gestures (Methods Communication on the air, reports on contact, transferring orders, practical practice
Stations of near and far communication, gesture system).
5) the duties of the participants (the responsibilities of the fighter, the leader of the group, separation, platoon) and the basis of work in the groupCartography
What is a map? In essence, this is a schematic display of the area.
What does the map differ from the picture? The map contains benchmarks, scale, direction to north and squares.
Layers - It is easy to recognizable objects applied to the card, such as tower (tower icons), buildings (small rectangles), lakes (blue spots), bridges (similar to the equal sign perpendicular to the river) and even, in extreme cases, some road crossroads ( Black lines or dashed), from which in the end you can bind yourself to the area.
Scale - This is the correspondence between the length of the segment on the map of the distance on the ground. For example, 1:50 000 means that 1 cm on a map of 50,000 cm on the ground, that is, 500 m.
On the map there is always a shooter showing direction to north Along the geographic meridians. However, it is worth remembering that the direction to the North Pole on the map in different places of the planet is deviated from the magnetic north of the Earth for several degrees. In our area it is 6 ° 45.
Angle of deviation from direction north called azimuth.
For depotage of the order You can specify azimuth and distance from the current location.
For definitions of their location You can choose a visible reference point, to determine its azimuth, calculate the distance to it by the methods described above, postpone the return azimuth (+ or - 180 degrees) on the map) and the resulting distance, having received the point of your location.
Usually any card for easy navigation is divided into squares. Squares can be: geographic, military or forest.
Geographic Squares / Coordinates - These are squares formed by the intersection of geographic meridians and parallels. It is more accurate to navigate to them, especially the GPS device name. In order to report its location, it is necessary to call the coordinate along the meridians and parallels, for example N50 ° 40 "41", E30 ° 34 "18".
Coordinates may be in degrees, minutes and seconds (as in the example above) - it is so convenient to visually reflect the coordinates on the map equal to the sections (as shown on the map above); either by thousandth degrees (N50.678056 E30.571667) or degrees and thousands of thousands (N50 40.6833, E30 34.3000) - It is so convenient to read in the programs on the computer. To translate coordinates from one calculus system to another It is necessary to follow the same logic as with the clock: 1 hour 30 minutes is 1.5 hours, that is, 1 degree latitude or longitude is 60 minutes, which in turn each for 60 seconds, that is, in a degree 3,600 seconds. Total 50 degrees 40 minutes 41 seconds - it is 50 + (40 * 60 + 41) / 3600 \u003d 50.67805 (5) degrees, or is 50 degrees and 40 + 41/60 \u003d 40.683 (3) minutes. IN reverse side Translation by the same principle: 50.678056 degrees is 50 degrees and 0.678056 * 3600 \u003d 2441 seconds \u003d 2441/60 \u003d 40.6833 minutes \u003d 40 minutes and 60 * 0.6833 \u003d 41 seconds.
Military squares - It is randomly applied to the map equidistant perpendicular vertical and horizontal lines, usually at a distance equivalent to some kind of locality, for example, 1 km, thereby forming squares. Squares are numbered vertically and horizontally with letters and / or numbers, preferably in an arbitrary (not sequential) order in order to confuse the enemy. In order to report its location, it is necessary to name the corresponding designation by vertical and horizontal. If the squares are too big, it is possible to use the so-called snail to clarify your position.
Snail - This is a way to clarify your place of position, which is that the square on the map is to share in the mind of 9 identical parts with two vertical and two horizontal lines. The resulting small squares inside the original large numbers are numbered, starting from the upper left corner clockwise from the unit, ending with the nine in the center. If necessary, the resulting small square can be divided into another 9 equal parts, etc. Total, the coordinates look like "A2 by snail 63", which means your location at the intersection of the column A and Line 2 in the upper right corner of the lower part of the square.
Forest squares - These are squares formed by the intersection of forest prospects in a well-kept forest. Each of their intersections is a square column, directed by its faces to the squares. On the edges of the numbers denoting the square number are applied. Squares are numbered from west to east rows. The increase in the numbering between the rows goes from the north to south. For example, if 14,15,26,27 is written on the column, it means the north between the numbers 14.15. In order to get from one forest square in another, if the numbers are different than 5, it is necessary to first go to the south, or north depending on the greater you need or smaller, respectively. Then, reaching the numbers of loved ones, it is necessary to navigate to the West or east, depending on the reduction or increasing numbers you need to move. Do not forget that each square has 4 columns with its number on each of the corners. That is, having passed south from the square 14,15,26,27, you will fall into a square with the first numbers of 26.27, ..., and passing to the east, you will fall into the square 15,16,27,28.
IMPORTANT! Try without extreme necessary not to call geographical and forest squares on the air! Use initially military squares with arbitrary numbering.
Definition of distances
It is possible to determine the distance in several ways: on the map, the step of the step, the eye, according to the rule of the thousandth, on the grid is a sight.
Definition of the distance on the map
Scale on the map, for example, 1:50 000 means that 1 cm on the map shows 50,000 cm of the area, that is, 500 m.To determine the distance in meters, it is necessary to measure the length of the segment between the two objects on the map in centimeters, multiply it to the number on the scale after the colon and divide 100 to translate into meters.
D (distance) \u003d L (length of segment on the map in cm) * m (scale) / 100;
Determination of the distance by Promder Step
An ordinary step of an adult is considered to be 75 cm equal to 75 cm, that is, a pair of steps \u003d 1.5 m. To measure the distance in meters, it is necessary to count the number of steam steps from point A to the point B, multiply this amount to 3 and divide on 2. That is :D (distance) \u003d n (number of steam steps) * L (pair of steps) \u003d n * 3/2;
When measuring, consider that the data will be accurate only with the linear trajectory of hops.
Determination of the distance Eyemervan
Eyemerbye is the easiest and fastest way. The main thing in it is the training of visual memory and the ability to mentally postpone on the ground well-represented permanent measure (50, 100, 200, 500 meters). Securing these standards in memory, it is not difficult to compare with them and evaluate the distance to the area. When measuring the distance by a consistent mental laying of a well-studied constant measure, it is necessary to remember that the terrain and local items seem reduced according to their removal, that is, when removing twice and the subject will seem two times less. Therefore, when measuring distances mentally laid segments (measures of terrain) will decrease according to removal accordingly. It must be considered as follows:
- the closer the distance, the clearer and sharper seems to us the visible subject;
- the closer the subject, the one seems more;
- Larger items seem closer small objectslocated at the same distance;
- The item is a brighter color seems closer than the subject of dark color;
- brightly illuminated items seem closer weakly illuminated, located at the same distance;
- During the fog, rain, at twilight, cloudy days, during air saturation, dust observed items seem further than clear and sunny days;
- The sharper the difference in the coloring of the object and the background, on which it is visible, the more reduced distance seems; So, for example, in the winter, a snowy field like the darker items that are on it are closer;
- items on the flat terrain seem closer than on hilly, especially abbreviated distances defined through extensive water spaces;
- folds of terrain (valleys of rivers, depressions, ravines), invisible or not completely visible by the observer, grind distance;
- when observed, lying it seems closer than when observing standing;
- when observed from the bottom up - from the sole of the mountain to the top, the objects seem closer, and when observed from top to bottom - further;
- When the sun is behind the scout, the distance is being tuned; shines in the eye - it seems great than in reality;
- The smaller the objects on the section under consideration (when observed through the aqueous space, a smooth meadow, steppe, arable land), the distance seems less.The accuracy of the chamber depends on the training of the scout. For a distance of 1000 m, a regular error ranges in the range of 10-20%.
Rule thousandth to determine the distance to the target
Theory:
For the convenience of determining the distances, a value entitled was chosen thousandswhich is equal to 1/6000 turn \u003d 360 degrees * 1/6000 \u003d 0.06 degrees \u003d 2π * 1/6000 ≈ 1/955, which in turn is approximately 1/1000 radian.Let the object W be observed from the distance L at a low angle α. Then, when expressing the angle α, the least occurs:
Replacing the radian measure to the thousandth, we get in the end:For most practical calculations, an approximate option is used, but in some cases the error arising in 4.5% is unacceptable and then the coefficient of 0.955 is not discarded. Simplified equality is called thousandth formula.
The formula for thousands is applicable with not too large angles, when the corner sinus is approximately equal to the corner itself into the radicious extent. The conditional boundary of applicability is the angle of 300 thousandths (18 degrees).
Russian language is all the above meaning ...
Knowing the size (height or width) of the object and having a screwdriver to determine the surveillance angle (see below) we can determine the distance as follows:L (distance to the object) \u003d W (the size of the object) / α (the angle of observation in the thousandth) * 1000.
How to determine the angle of observation?
To determine the surveillance angle, you can use special meshes of optical devices (binoculars, sights - see below) or use any subject whose size we know.
An ordinary adult man holds an object in front of him at a distance of about 500 mm.
Based on the formula for a thousandth, "angle of observation \u003d the size of the object * 1000 / distance to the object," that is, every meltimeter of an object that man keeps in his hand at a distance of 500 mm is observed at an angle of 1 * 1000/500 \u003d 2 thousandth.1 mm of the rebunny object \u003d 2 thousandth
Based on this, it is necessary to take such a primary object into an elongated hand, which would just completely closed the overview of the observed object, and to translate the size of the selected impact object in the milieters by proportion into the angle of observation of the thousandth.
For reference:
1) An angle of observation box of matches (50x36x14 mm size) with 500 mm \u003d 100 x 72 x 28 thousandths.
2) Match from 500 mm \u003d 86 x 4 thousandths.
3) the ending angle of the fingers with 500 mm, approximately: index, average \u003d 40; Unnamed \u003d 35; Mysinets 30; Big 50 thousands.
4) If you have a ruler with yourself - just measure the visible size of the observed object on the elongated hand. It will be the most accurate measurement.Approximate measurements with fingers of the distance to a man of medium height:
palm ≈ 10 m
4 fingers ≈ 12 m
MC + BM + Wed ≈ 15 m
BM + Wed + Mi ≈ 17 m
MC + BM ≈ 22 m
BM + Wed ≈ 23 m
cp + m ≈ 27 m
1 large ≈ 35 m
1 indicative ≈ 44 m
1 Unnamed ≈ 50 m
1 Myysinetty ≈ 58 m
Pencil or ball ≈ 145 mDetermination of the distance with the help of optical instruments
All optical devices are usually applied scale. This scale displays an angle of observation in thousands. It is enough to calculate the number of divisions occupied by the observed object to determine its surveillance angle. And then according to the rule of thousandth (see above) we get the distance.
In the usual artillery (not sports and tourist) binoculars, the distance between two long twins \u003d 10 thousands, between the long and short - 5 thousandths:
In the sight of the PSO-1 there is a special scale.
To determine the distance on a rangefinder, it is necessary to make a scale on the target so that the target is located between the solid horizontal and inclined dashed lines. Located over the targets indicate the distance in hundreds of meters to the target having a height of 1.7m.
If the target has a height less (greater) 1.7 m, then the distance determined on the scale is necessary, multiplied by the ratio of the target to 1.7 m.Example:
Determine the distance to the item having a height of 0.55m, if the subject of its upper part concerns the dotted line of the range marketer with the stroke marked with the number 8.Decision:
The ratio of the target height to 1.7 m is equal to 1/3 (0.55: 1.7); Scale indicates a distance of 800m; The distance to the goal is equal to a rounded 270m (800 * 1/3).The scope also has a side amendment scale that allows you to determine the angle of observation of the width to 20 thousandths.
Even more convenient to determine the distances is a sight with a MIL-DOT mesh.
The angular distance between points on the grid is one thousandth. The angular sizes of the points themselves, as a rule, 0.2 thousandth, and the angular distance between the edges of the adjacent points is 0.8 thousandth.With the help of other sights, it is also possible to determine the distance, knowing the angle of observation between certain mesh components, for example, the distance from the crossing to the thickening of the threads, or the distance between the lines breaks.
Group tactics
Structure and responsibilities
Everything described below is a theoretical ideal, in practice, deviations associated with the number of fighters available and the specific situation are possible. To improve the efficiency of the unit, it is necessary to maximally adhere to these recommendations.
The platoon of the liberation army consists of two (sometimes three) departments and the commander group.
In turn, the department consists of two to three groups (observation / assault "Alpha", fire support "Bravo", ensuring the safety of "Charlie") and the leader of the department.
The commander group consists of a platoon leader, a physician and deputy commander.
Sometimes the platoon includes a reconnaissance group of 3-5 people, which performs the function of an advanced watch.
Groups consist of 4 people (leader, machine gunner, grenader and arrows):
A group is the smallest unit that can be independent. Each pair of fighters can be a fighting couple, but they never act independently (excluding the situation when only 2 people remain in the team). Combat couples are created for the convenience of managing a team and minimize time to choose fighters for a specific task. Usually, the combat couples are combined into the fighting fighters that feel well and understand each other. Ideally, the whole team should understand each other well.
Platoon
Group Center
Com. platoon (lieutenant)
Santar arrows (ordinary)
Deputy Comandor (Art. Sergeant)Extra. Elements
Singer
Cons GroupDepartment
Group leader
Com. Departments (sergeant)Alpha Group
Senior soldier (ml. Sergeant)
Grenader (Private / Efreitor)
Arrows (Private / Efreitor)Group Bravo
Senior soldier (ml. Sergeant)
Grenader (Private / Efreitor)
Machine gunner (Private / Efreitor)
Arrows (Private / Efreitor)Scham interaction between combat poorer such:
1) The platoon commander, having received a task from the highest command, produces a strategy for performing the task. For example, if a task is set to find some kind of object in the forest, the platoon commander indicates which part of the compartment comes, what should be the interaction of separations, control points, conventional signals, etc.2) Commander of the department at the same time chooses the optimal (based on tactics) the location of the groups and controls them during movement and battle. The radius of his powers is limited by the framework of the task and tactics of the unit. He should not worry what is happening on the battlefield, except for the facts related to his task and should always know where his groups will begin and what they are busy. Roughly speaking, the radius of powers of the separation commander is limited to the spatial size of the department.
3) The task of the group commander to control the firing power of the group as part of the current order of the separation commander. He must know where every fighter is located, where he looks, the state of his ammunition and physical condition. The radius of its actions is limited to the area in which it can easily control his fighters. For example, if it takes into account that the length of a group of 40 meters, then the group has the right to detect a shed of 15 by 15 meters, if at the same time they will not have much scattered, but in no case can not alone expand the 5-storey residential building, The same goes for firepoints. If the group can cover the firepoint with its size, then it attacked it, if not, then asks support for the separation commander. The group is single and should not be divided into separate units, except for special emergency cases, when the Group does not act as part of the utility tactics. That is, everyone killed, they remained alone or lacking people in a platoon to close all directions and points.
All leaders are required to report on changing the plan to achieve the goal set by the highest command.
No need to exceed the authority, that is: Soldiers do not think about that Kuda, they enter the building (on the door, in the window, on the wall), the leaders of the groups do not think from which side they are suitable for delivery (left, right), and the leaders of the offices are not Think what another building need to be cleaned (you need to take the adjacent fuel, no need). In reverse sequence: com. The platoon decides that we attack and from what sides, com. Departments decides how it attacks (one in front of the other in front of the front, or one on the left of the right), and the group decides that which soldier attacks (cover the door, window, goes to Daer, looks back, which fighter attacks, if not specified mode Fire for choice, etc.)4) Soldiers must adhere to their permanent position in the ranks, according to their number (in order to commander the group did not need to look back to know where his people were located), if they did not receive another order. If the middle codate is killed in the ranks, the group is tightened, that is, shifted to one place closer to the leader.
Soldiers are obliged to report on their condition, the ammunition (if half or one cluster remained), the state of other group fighters, if they are not able to report themselves, as well as about the state of the apparent enemy. Soldiers are obliged to keep the fire sector appointed by them and move in building as part of the passage of the sewage, if other orders are not given. All the necessary teams and tactics of interaction are described in this course. The soldier has the right in all cases to open the fire, if the enemy directly treats his life, as well as the life of another fighter of the unit (if the secretive movement mode is not installed). The fighter is obliged to report on all visible purposes and their movement leader of the group. The fighter can open fire at discretion if the shooting mode is set at discretion, otherwise indicate the target and wait for further instructions.Vilitary Sanitary is obliged to wear a standard medical kit, to be able to provide first medical care, as well as there must also have a certain amount of additional bandages to assist conditionally injured in battle fighters.
This is general information if someone has specific questions, you can ask me them in a form convenient for you, I will be able to answer if possible. If you fall into a situation when you do not know how to do, do what you think in this situation and do not think for a long time, and then report the highest to the challenge about the problems that have arisen, we will expand the informational field of tactical solutions.
Communication
Call signs:
So, we know that the platoon consists of 2-3 compartments, and the separation in turn out of 2-3 groups. What are all the structural units when communicating?Within the framework of the group, the fighters are referred to as the number of the 1st, 2nd, ... either in the nickname suffix, bits. Both methods are allowed.
As part of the group's separation, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and the leader are referred to.
Within the framework of the platoon of the department, the 1st compartment is called, the 2nd office, ... (briefly: the first, second), and the leader of the platoon - the center ("First Center! Decide the situation!").
If there is a need for groups to communicate within the platm, then the separation number is added to the group name. That is, the alpha group in the second compartment is called alpha 2, and the leader leader leader 2.
If in very extreme cases, individual fighters must be communicated at the platoon level, the number of the group and separation is added to the soldier number in the group (the use of nicks in this case is prohibited). For example: it's bravo two fourth! 2nd branch destroyed! What should I do?Communication rules:
The main rule of communication on the radio is not to clog the ether, speak turns and, mostly, the phrases described below. Negotiations on the radio lead only if the information is not possible to convey orally or it concerns those who are not near. Basically, only leaders among themselves are carried out in terms of radio, and fighters in groups communicate orally or gestures. Remember that the radio is most likely listening and better to say orally or show if you can do without a walkie-talkie!Standard call method for communication<Вызываемый>, <вызывающему>! In touch! (or reception!) " (For example, "Suffix Bit! On the connection!") - means that the calling bit asks to get to the connection of the caused suffix (why are the calls signs are not the opposite? Because it is a cut from the phrase "suffix, answer the bit!" On the connection! "And used to distinguish call to contact from the return of the order (see below). That is the phrase "suffix bit!" Even without the word "on the connection!" is perceived as a call of the suffix by the bit, and the expression "Bit suffix ..." implies that the bit gives the suffix order And all on the air will be expected while the order will be pronounced). Usually the phrase "on the connection!" / "Reception!", And even more so the word "answer" you can miss and use it only if you do not answer the first time.
The called must answer "<Вызываемый>, Saint! " (For example: "suffix, in touch!"), Then the causing reports the order according to the principle described below.
Before each phrase on the air, you need to say your name ("Alpha, accepted!", Spartak, I perform! "), If this is the answer, or" this "+ your call sign + the name of this to whom you turn + order + the word" reception! " (Example: "This is a Sufist! Bit (or suffix bit), move on 22 3! Reception!") If this is an appeal to anyone. If the ether is not loaded and clearly clear who communicates with whom, the phrase "it" + your call sign can be missed. Slond the "Reception!" Indicates the end of the circulation and the lavert to the response mode. If the channel is not overloaded and clearly clearly on the order, the word "reception!" You can not talk.
Examples of circulation:
At the group level:
- "Alpha leader, second!" (- "The leader of Alpha, Sufixu!")
- "The leader of Alpha, in touch!"
- "This suffix, where are you?!"
- "The leader of Alpha, suffix, move to the square B6 on the snail 3!"
- "Suffix, accepted!"At the department level:
- "Alpha, leader!"
- "Alpha, in touch!"
- "Alpha, move to square B5."
- "Alpha, accepted! Perform! ".At the platoon level:
- "Center, second!"
....
- "Center, in touch!"
- "This is the leader 2. The center, we are under fire, we demand to cover the departure of the 2nd office."
- "Center second, retreat! We will cover you! "
- "This is the second, you understood!"Reports about contacts
It is very important to be able to clearly and briefly report on the locations of the enemy. The sooner everyone learn about the opponent, the more chances will be to survive and the reaction to a potential threat will be more effective.
Here is an example of a very bad message on the radio:Emmm .... I see the infantry. Emmm ... They are there ahead, behind the tree. No, after another tree, there. "
But an example of how to talk. These are messages at the department level. The message description at the platoon level will be lower.
"Contact, ahead! Branch of infantry, "
Note that if the branch teams are scattered, then it is necessary to call themselves:
"(This) alpha 3, contact, ahead! Branch of infantry, in the field, direction 210, three hundred meters!"
You also need to remember some points when you inform about contact on the radio. The first - the details should be proportional to the number of available time and the type of threat. If you see an enemy compartment far away, while it does not see you and does not represent a special threat, you can describe in detail where it is located. If you see a branch literally 50 meters behind a small hollyman and it moves right on you, then you must be the most quick and brief.
By the way, the word "this" is theoretically can not speak at all at the level of the department. In this situation there is no appeal specifically to someone, therefore it is so clear that this is a call sign of who speaks about contact.
Step by step
ATTENTION - Almost always this word "Contact!" either "movement!", depending on the degree of confidence that you are opponent. It must be first (not counting your call sign) when you notice the enemy. Everyone should know that this is a signal signal and must be prepared.
Direction - general direction. In the example, the word "ahead" was used. You can speak ahead, on the left, right or rear only if everyone understands the values \u200b\u200bof these areas. In other cases, the word "ahead" means nothing, with the exception of the case, if you move towards a well-known route point, in this case the "ahead" will mean - the direction of movement and all this should be known. Use relative directions, compass (north, northwest, south) or a specific azimuth (250, etc.).
Description - What did you see? Is it an enemy patrol, tank or something else? You must say briefly and clearly. Examples: "3 soldiers", "BTR", "Infantry branch", "enemy infantry".
Details - if there is time, the opportunity and you think it is necessary to say additional information. You can say the distance to the target, a concrete azimuth, which makes the goal ("they bypass us"; "they do not see us"), as they are located ("Two on the roof, one in the building, the rest patrol around") and so on.More examples:
"Contact, North, North-West, Sniper, It is on the second floor of a building with white walls and a brown roof at the intersection."
"Contact, direction 085, T-72, hid behind a hill, 200 meters from us, he looks in the other direction."
"Contact, left! Machine gun, between palm trees near the river, west, 400 meters."Notes
If the element leader reports about contact, then it must give an order at the very end of the entry into battle if necessary. Otherwise, the element must wait for the team.
Only the leader of the department has the right to give the team to open the fire if separations in the "secular" mode.
At the same time, team leaders should give such an order only if they are under the inevitable threat. Everyone must open fire only if they are in danger and need to protect themselves or others.Reports on condition
After the fight, the leaders of the team should notify the leader of the separation of losses, the need for physician, ammunition and TP.
Example:
"The leader is alpha, we have one wounded!"
"This is the third, the second killed!"
"Bravo leader! There is no loss, the machine gunner ended the ammunition."If the platoon's leader wants to receive a report, then it should usually specifically give an order to the separation or all suspension.
Example: "All leader! Decide the situation!"IMPORTANT! If the leader of the group is killed, the next to the rank of fighting is obliged to report its callsign and information about the fact that he takes command over the group for example: "This Alpha 2 3rd, the leader of Alpha 2 killed! I take the command to myself!".
Reports about the place of position:
Each fighter should be able to determine and report its position on the terrain and the position of the enemy, as well as to give an order for moving. Here I will not (so far) describe the details of how to determine the locations (read it in the relevant books), however, will reveal the essence of how to report it correctly.Its location can be reported by specifying the square on the map where you are. Usually the card is placed on the squares and are numbered by the letters horizontally and the vertical numbers. In order to give its location, it is enough to name the corresponding letter and the figure (Example: Alpha This is the leader, I'm in a square B4).
If the squares are too large and the position must be reported in more detail, then the so-called snail is used. To do this, the square in the mind is broken into 9 smooth and numbered them in the snail in such a way that the upper left square is 1, the upper on sale - 2, the top right - 3, the middle right - 4, the lower right - 5, the lower average - 6 , Lower left - 7, the middle left - 8 and the middle - 9. Thus, if you are in the lower right corner of the B4 square - then Masha position "Square B4 by snail 5".The position of the enemy or the order of movement can be reported by specifying the direction in geographic degrees or in hours relative to any refusation plus the distance in this direction (the so-called spherical coordinate system).
The essence of the direction of indication of the direction in geographic degrees is that the side of the light is divided by 360 degrees, for zero degrees (they are 360), the direction to the north is generally accepted. For a message about an object or location where you need to move, some kind of guide is selected (by default the leader of the group, which is given to the order), it is indicated from it direction in degrees and the distance to the object (place).
The essence of the direction indication of the direction in hours is that a landmark is selected for the object message (as in the past case, this is the leader of the group that orders is given), the space around the reference point is divided into 12 sectors (the so-called clock, by analogy with the dial ; in the 1st hour 15 degrees), in 12 hours it takes the direction of the last movement of the reference point (that is, the groups that the order is given) or the direction of the front of the object, if the reference point is not moving (for example, the facade of the building). The following is the sector number in which the object is located and the distance from the reference point to the object.
The system for determining the direction in geographic degrees is more accurate due to a more detailed scale and because it does not require accounting for the direction of the reference point, however, it is convenient for quick understanding, as it requires a compass and distraction to it or a clear knowledge of the parties of the Light at the moment.
The system of determination on the clock also has its drawbacks. First, it is not always known a reference direction (group or fighter to which you give an order), and secondly, the direction can change over time. Thus, the direction uttered at the moment is relevant only at the moment, that is, the order of movement for 3 hours at the moment becomes moving 12 hours after the group begins to move.
It follows from this that the direction in the clock should always be used, except when it is impossible to know the direction of who you give an order, or you need to specify a more accurate direction.
Important! When specifying an angle in degrees and distances, the younger discharge is discarded, but two digits are always called in degrees. That is, 254 degrees will sound like "two five", 68 degrees - "zero seven", and 57 meters - as "six". And it is also very important if you count the position of the object is not from the group that gives the order, but from any other reference point, you must name this landmark in the message (for example, "... Moving by 22 5 from the bridge ..." or "bit , from you for 3 hours ... ").
Examples of using both communication systems:
"Bravo, push two two one five." It means that the BRAVO Group should be moved 220 degrees from the north to 150 meters.
"Suffix, from you for 2 hours of civil 50 meters." It means that civil is in the second of 12 sectors (15-30 degrees to the right) from the direction of the last movement of the suffix 50 meters.The distance is measured in meters or steps. Orders are given in meters, however, when moving the fighter it is more convenient to consider the distance traveled in steps (two steps are considered to be 1.5 meters equal to 1.5 meters, that is, 1 step \u003d 75 centimeters). The distance is as follows for an eye (for this train oriented in the distance), or use geometric methods for calculating the distance by landmarks (see booking books).
List of basic teams
Choose all: "Everything! …", "Attention!" - Means that the following command or combination of commands will relate to all. Action: Everyone should pay attention to (further commands) of the giving command. Gesture: "Everything ...".
Choose specific: "You and you ..." - indicates that the following command or combination of commands will refer to specific team members. Action: Selected fighters should pay attention to the further leader commands. Gesture: "You ...".
Choose n any: "H ..." - means that the leader of the group below the hierarchy, or members of the group should highlight the fighters and the following command or combination of commands will relate to selected members. It is better to use this command less, as it makes an element of confusion. If possible, use the Select specific command. Action: Selected fighters should pay attention to the further commands of the speaker. Gesture: Number N.
Direction of review: "... Look at the N-hours / object (from the object)," means that the selected fighters should look at the specified direction or take the specified object before receiving the next order about the direction, object or order to inspect the horizon. In case of oral orders number of hours Indicates the direction relative to the movement of the leader of the detachment, if you consider that 12 hours is in front, and 6 - rear. If the phrase "from<объекта>", Then clock count from the specified object. If the object was specified, then after the completion of the guidance on it, you need to say ready to shoot (see below). Gesture: "... look" + "... there" / "... to that object."
Inspect the horizon to be on the check: "View the horizon" - indicates that the selected fighters should search for the enemy in all directions. It only applies when searching for an enemy, but in no case during the battle! Action: Make a rotation around your axis and report on the visible opponent or suspicious facilities. Gesture: "... look" + "... horizon."
Notification of the enemy: "I see (I hear) m<объектов> X meters "- denotes that on the hours of objects are found at a distance of x meters. Action: The leader of the group must take note of the location of the enemy, to develop tactics for its destruction, indicate specific goals to all its subordinates and give an order for their destruction. Goals are distributed by specifying an object. For the start of destruction, see below to open fire. If a team was taken in advance to attack on the choice, it is possible to shoot immediately after receiving the alert about the goal. Confirmation of information: accepted (see below). Gesture: Specification of the direction of review + "... I see ..." + Number N + Number of distance + Number N.
Allow fire: "I allow the fire!" - means that the selected fighters can start attacking the target. Action: If possible, destroy the goal. Confirmation: I can not shoot, ready (see below). Gesture: "... fire ..." + "accepted!".
Disable fire: "Do not shoot!" - It prohibits fire, except for emergency situations that threaten the life of a fighter or division. Action: Do not shoot before the order to allow fire. Gesture: "... fire ..." + "I can not!".
the fire: "Fire!", "Shah!" - This means that the selected fighters are required to start conducting a barrier fire on the target, even if it does not lead to its destruction or they have not yet chosen the appropriate position. Used to cover the maneuver or in other emergency cases. Action: Start fire by goal to further instructions or until the opponent's complete destruction. Gesture: "... fire ..." Several times, and better hand over with a voice.
Attack by choosing: "Attack on choosing!" - Indicates that the selected fighters can attack any visible goals at any time without an order. Action: destroy as many goals as possible. Gesture: "... fire ..." + "... by choice."
Join Boy: "Forward!", "Battle!" - Means that the selected fighters should start writing the enemy and promote the front forward. Action: Start nicely move forward, using the tactics of the division. Gesture: "Battle!"
Retreat: "Back!", "Retreat!" - means that the selected fighters must retreat behind the front line. Action: moving back to it back, according to the tactics of the unit (face to the front). Gesture: "retreat!".
Move into point: "Movement on the XX UU", "Movement in B2" - denotes that you must move in the specified direction to the specified distance or to the specified square. In the case of oral orders, B2 indicates the number of the square; XX denotes azimuth divided by 10, that is, 23 \u003d 230 degrees, where 0 degrees is a direction to the north; UU denotes the distance in meters, divided by 10, that is, 3 denotes a movement by 30 meters (0 is a movement at a distance of up to 10 meters). Example: "Movement by 23 30" means movement in azimuth 230 degrees at a distance of 300 meters. Confirmation: accepted. Gesture: indication of the direction of movement + distance indication + Number N.
Return to construction: "Return to line!" - Means that the selected fighters must return to the construction. If they are so in the construction, it means that they must come to the speaker. Action: Return to line or approach the speaker. Gesture: "... Back to line!"
Watch forward, hoping back, on the left flank, on the right flank: "... go ahead", "... Go back", "... on the left flank", "... to the right flank" - means that the selected fighters should move in front of the system, in the back of building, on the right flank building, on the left flank system or in Certain construction. Action: Go to the specified flank, change the construction. Gesture: Specifying the position of the movement relative to the detachment.
Bypass: "Come on the left", "Combate the right" - indicates that it is necessary to run the enemy from the specified party. Action: Run the enemy bypass, according to the tactics of the division. Gesture: "... go around the left (right)!".
Stand, wait: "Stop!", "Wait for me!" - Indicates that these fighters must stop moving. In case the leader is not in the rank indicates what you need to wait for the leader. The action will stop in place in compliance with the construction to the following instructions. Gesture: "Stop!"
In shelter: "In the shelter !!!" - Indicates that it is necessary to disperse and take defense. Action: Immediately disperse and find shelter. Gesture: "In the shelter !!!".
In places: "In places !!!", "In position !!!" - Indicates that it is necessary to immediately take a relative position. Gesture: "By places !!!".
Hide: "Quiet!" - Means that you need to stop and do not make extra movement and sounds. Action: Measure in place. Gesture: "Quiet!".
Rush - "Start!" Indicates that you need to move in the semi-pass. Action: Immediately go on and continue moving to semi-pass. Gesture: "Still!"
Lie down: "Frame!" - Indicates that you need to move Clarice. Action: immediately lie down and move the crawl. Gesture: "Frame!"
Stand up "Stand!" - Indicates what you need to get up. Action: Stand up and move standing. Gesture: "Stand!"
Take the situation: "Report the situation!" - Means that subordinates must report their position, condition and visible opponent. Action: To report your coordinates (square) on the map, report if you are injured or you have little cartridges (see below), to report on your opponent's visible (see above). Gesture: "Take the situation!".
Repeat: "Repeat!" - means a request to repeat the order if you forgot it. Action: The leader must immediately repeat the order. Gesture: "Repeat!"
I do not hear, not accepted! "I do not hear!", "Not accepted!" - Means that you did not hear either did not understand the order. Action: Speaking You must immediately repeat the phrase. Gesture: "Not accepted!"
Ready, expect clean: "Ready!", I expect! "," Pure! " - Indicates that you have completed an order of movement, destroying goals, etc. And now you expect the next order. With the report of the status, if you do not see the enemy - means "clean!". Action: Be sure to report after the fulfillment of this kind of orders. Gesture: "Ready!".
Accept: "Accepted!" - Means that you understood the order and started to perform it. Action: Try to confirm all orders as possible, so that the leader is easier to command and he knew whether the order came to you. Gesture: "Accepted!".
I can not: "I can not!" - Means that you have heard an order, but you can not fulfill it in connection with physical obstacles. Action: If you can not fulfill the order, you must report. Gesture: "I can not!".
Ready to shoot: "Ready to shoot!" - Indicates that you have the opportunity to open fire on the goal specified to you. Action: After receiving the order to monitor the purpose, if you have already chosen a convenient position and can open fire, you must report. Gesture: "I am ready to shoot!".
I can not shoot: "I can't shoot!" - Indicates that you can open it on the target specified to you, due to the fact that the goal is too far or outside your scope, and you cannot eliminate these interference. Action: If you can not open fire for the highest reasons, be sure to inform. Gesture: "I can't shoot!".
Little cartridges: "Little cartridges!" - Indicates that you have the last clip. Action: The leader must analyze the situation and in the near future to give you an order to recharge the closure or give you a set of cartridges. Before that, you do not have the right to produce a complete recharge, if you have at least a couple of shots. If the shots are not left you shout "Full Recharge!" And perform a recharge in a secluded place.
Under fire: "Under fire!" - indicates that they are fire. Action: Team members must react and, if necessary, cover the retreat. Gesture: to point out + "... under fire!".
Injured: "Ranned" - indicates that you are injured. Action: Alert that you cannot fully fight the battle and you need to evacuate and assist. Gesture: Point to yourself + "... wounded!".
Minus N: "Minus N!" - denotes that the opponents are destroyed. Gesture: Number N + "... killed!".Gestures
The choice of all, attracting the attention of all: "Everything ...", "Attention!" - Skipper with the right hand clockwise in front of the face, the palm is directed forward.
Selection of a team member (object): "You ...", "... to that object" - An index finger (preferably an elongated hand) point to the object, a team member, yourself.
Specification of the direction of review (movement): "... there" - Intripping your hand with a painted palm from the head in the specified direction in such a way that palm is perpendicular to the earth.
Specifying the position of movement relative to the detachment, indication of the construction (if follows after "everything ..."): "... ahead ..." (in the watch), "... from the back ..." (in column), "... on the left flank ..." (in line ), "... on the right flank ..." (in line), "... diagonally ..." (in a wedge, reverse wedge) - raise your hand from the position "by seam" in the specified direction (you can several times).
Note Numbers N: "... two ...", "... three ..." - Hand raised at the shoulder level and bent into the elbow so that the brush is directed up.
0 - Fingers depict the number 0.
1 - index finger up, all others in a fist.
2 - index and middle fingers up, all others in a fist.
3 - index, medium and thumbs up, all others in a fist.
4 - index, medium, unnamed and little finger up, all others in a fist.
5 - all fingers up.
6 - a thumb and a little finger in a fist, all the rest up.
7 - thumb and invalid in fist, all the rest.
8 - thumb and medium in fist, all the rest.
9 - thumb and index in a fist, all the rest up.
To show the number more than nine, you need to display the numbers in turn from the number, starting with the older discharge.
Do not forget that when specifying the direction in degrees and the distance, the number is divided by 10 and is rounded. Ie 214 meters - this is "two one."
Specify distance: "Distance: ..." - Palm to yourself, thumbs are spread, pull out your hand towards the enemy and bring it to your breast several times.
"... I see ...", "... See ..." - Specifying the middle and index fingers to your eyes.
"... I hear ...", "I do not hear!", "Not accepted!", "Repeat the order!" - attach and remove the palm to the ear.
"... everywhere ...", "... horizon", "... on choosing" - stretched forward with hand parallel to the ground to describe the small sector.
"... fire ...", "... under fire!", "... wounded!", "... killed!" - The edge of the palm, from the side of the thumb, spend yourself on the throat.
"Forward!", "Battle!" - Swim hand from behind back forward.
"Back!", "Retreat!" - hand out of an elongated position in front of the back.
"... back to line!", "To me!" - Great hand brush, as if you call a person to myself.
"... go around the left (right)!" - Movement with a brush of the appropriate hand perpendicular to the ground from the shoulder on the round trajectory as if you want to hug someone.
"Stop!" - Hand raised at the shoulder level and bent into the elbow so that the brush is directed up. Palm is collected in a fist.
"In the shelter !!!" - Mahi hand over your head; Palm is stripped and directed down, allegedly depict the roof over your head.
"In position !!!" - Palm is folded into the fist, the index finger is set, rotate the brush above the head.
"Quiet!", "Loose!" - Attach the index finger to the lips.
"Fur!" - Brush to bring to the shoulder and lower the palm down, with the palm parallel to the ground.
"Frame!" - The gesture "bend" to perform twice.
"Stand!" - Updated down the hand to raise the side to the level of the shoulder, the palm parallel to the ground is aimed up.
"Report the situation!" - Mach head from the bottom up, allegedly asking "what's the matter?".
"Ready!", I expect! "," Pure! " - portray hand symbol OK
"Accepted!", "I perform!", "Ready to shoot!" - Show fist with thumb pointing up.
"I can not!", "I can't shoot!" - Fist with a thumb directional down.
"Little cartridges!" - Attach palm several times to the store.
"...leader!" - An applied brush folded as when the number "Six" to the Non-Shoulder is noted. In combination with the "I" gesture, "You" mean who takes command by the group on themselves.
"... ally", "... civilian" - Hand raised at the shoulder level and bent into the elbow so that the brush is directed up. We make oscillatory movements of the palm of Voevo-Right (analogue from life - Gesture "Hello.")
"...hostage" - Take yourself with your hand for the throat.
"...enemy" - Picture hand gun.
"... unknown" - Shrews.Most gestures can be seen in the figure below.
To train communication with gestures, it is useful to play a spoiled phone when the leader speaks the ear to the first foil to the phrase, and the fighters in turn are passing gestures what the leader said. At the same time, all subsequent fighters do not look at how gestures have shown before. Then the last fighter is asked to pronounce the phrase, since he understood her. If the phrase does not coincide with the leader said, then the leader asks, at what a fighter in the chain was lost the meaning of the phrase. Thus, you can find out who has a bad gesture and learn to use them.
3.2.3. Coordinate systems used in topography.
Coordinates are called angular or linear values \u200b\u200bthat determine the position of points on any surface or in space. There are many different coordinate systems that are applications in various fields of science and technology. In the topography, such that allow you to easily and unambiguously determine the position of the points of the earth's surface. In this lecture, geographical, flat rectangular and polar coordinates will be considered.
System of geographic coordinates.
In this system, the coordinate position of any point of the earth's surface relative to the start of the coordinate is determined in the angular measure.
For the beginning of coordinates in most countries (and including) the intersection point of the initial (Greenwich) meridian with the equator has been adopted. Being one for the whole of our planet, this system is convenient for solving problems to determine the mutual position of objects removed by a significant distance from each other.
The geographical coordinates of any point is its latitude (B, φ) and longitude (L, λ).
The point latitude is the angle between the plane of the equator and the normal to the surface of the earth ellipsoid passing through this point. The score of latitudes is conducted from the equator to the poles. In the northern hemisphere, the latitude is called northern, in the southern - southern. Longitude point is a two-way angle between the plane of the initial meridian and the plane of the meridian of this point.
The account is conducted in both directions from the initial meridian from 0º to 180º. The longitude of points to the east of the initial meridian is East, to the West - Western.
The geographical grid is depicted on the maps of parallels and meridians (completely only on the map of 1: 500,000 and 1: 1 000 000). On larger scales cards, the interior frames are segments of meridians and parallels, their latitude and longitude sign on the corners of the card sheet.
System of flat rectangular coordinates.
Flat rectangular coordinates - linear values, abscissa x and ordinate υ, determining the position of points on the plane (on the map) with respect to two mutually perpendicular axes x and υ.
For the positive direction of the axes of the coordinates, it was taken for the abscissa axis (axial meridian zone) - direction to the north, for the ordinate axis (equator) - east.
This system is zone, i.e. It is installed for each coordinate zone (Figure 8) to which the surface of the Earth is divided as it is on the maps.
The whole earth surface is conditionally divided into 60 hexual zones, the account of which is conducted from the zero meridian against the course of the clockwise. The beginning of the coordinates in each zone is the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator.
The origin of the coordinate occupies a strictly defined position on the earth's surface in the zone. Therefore, the system of flat coordinates of each zone is associated both with the coordinate system of all other zones and with the geographic coordinate system. With this arrangement of the coordinates of the abscissa axes of the dots south of the equator and the ordinates west of the average meridian will be negative.
In order not to deal with the negative coordinates, it is possible to conditionally consider the coordinates of the starting point in each zone x \u003d 0, υ \u003d 500 km. That is, the axial meridian (x axis) of each zone is conditionally transferred to the west of 500 km. In this case, the ordinate of any point located to the west of the axial meridian zone will always be positive and in absolute value less than 500 km, and the ordinate of the point, located east of the axial meridian, will always be more than 500 km. Thus, the coordinates of the point A in the coordinate zone will be: x \u003d 200 km, y \u003d 600 km (see Figure 8).
To contact the ordinate between the zones to the left of the recording of the ordinate point, the zone number is attributed to this point. The coordinates obtained in this way are called complete. For example, full rectangular point coordinates are equal: x \u003d 2 567 845, y \u003d 36 376 450. This means that the point is located in 2567km 845m north of the equator, in 36 zone and in 123km 550m to the west of the axial meridian of this zone (500 000 - 376 450 \u003d 123 550).
In each zone, a coordinate grid is built on the map. It is a grid of squares formed by lines parallel to the coordinate axes of the zone. Mesh lines are carried out through an integer number of kilometers. On the map of scale 1: 25,000 lines forming the coordinate grid are carried out after 4 cm, i.e. 1 km on the ground, and on the map scale 1: 50,000-1: 200,000-after 2 cm (1.2, and 4 km on the ground).
The coordinate grid on the map is used when determining rectangular
coordinates and application of points (objects, objectives) on their coordinates, measurement on the map of directional angles of directions, targeting, finding on a map of various objects, approximate determination of distances and areas, as well as when orienting a map on the ground.
The coordinate grid of each zone has a digitization that is the same in all zones. The use of linear values \u200b\u200bto determine the position of the points makes a system of flat rectangular coordinates very convenient for making calculations when working on the ground and on the map.
Figure 8. Coordinate zone of a system of flat rectangular coordinates.
Polar coordinates
This system is local, and are used to determine the position of one points relative to others on relatively small areas of the area, for example, when targeting, seeding landmarks and purposes, identify data for the azimuth movement. The elements of the system of polar coordinates are depicted in fig. nine.
OR is the polar axis (it can serve as a direction on the landmark, the line of the meridian, the vertical line of the kilometer grid, etc.).
θ is the position angle (will have a specific name depending on the direction adopted for the initial).
Ohm - direction to goal (landmark).
D - distance to the target (landmark).
Figure 9. Polar coordinates.
3.2.4. Corners, directions and their relationship on the map.
When working with a map often arises the need to determine the direction at any points of the area relative to the direction adopted for the initial (the direction of the true meridian, the direction of the magnetic meridian, the direction of the vertical line of the kilometer grid).
Depending on how the direction is taken for the initial, distinguish three types of corners of the directional direction on the point:
True azimuth (a) is a horizontal angle, measured by a clockwise arrow from 0º to 360º between the northern direction of the true meridian of this point and the direction to the object.
Magnetic azimuth (AM) - horizontal angle measured by a clockwise arrow from 0º to 360º between the northern direction of the magnetic meridian of this point and the direction to the object.
Directional angle (DF) - horizontal angle, measured by a clockwise arrow from 0º to 360º between the northern direction of the vertical line of the coordinate grid of this point and the direction to the object.
To transition from some angles to others, it is necessary to know the direction amendment, which includes magnetic declination and rapprochement of meridians (see Fig. 10).
Figure 10. Scheme of the mutual arrangement of true, magnetic meridians, vertical line of the coordinate mesh, magnetic decline, rapprochement of meridians and directional corrections.
Magnetic decline (B, SC) is the angle between the northern directions of true and magnetic meridians at this point.
With the deviation of the magnetic arrow to the east of the true meridian, the declination of Eastern (+), west - Western (-).
Rapid of meridians (لا, Sat) is the angle between the northern direction of the true meridian and the vertical line of the coordinate grid at this point.
With the deviation of the vertical line of the coordinate grid to the east of the true meridian, the convergence of Eastern Meridians (+), west - Western (-).
The directional correction (PN) is the angle between the northern direction of the vertical line of the coordinate grid and the direction of the magnetic meridian. It is equal to the algebraic difference in magnetic decline and rapprochement of meridians.
Mon \u003d (± δ) - (± لا)
PN values \u200b\u200bare removed from the card or calculated by the formula.
The graphical relationship between the angles has already considered, and now consider several formulas that determine this relationship:
AM \u003d α - (± PN).
α \u003d AM + (± PN).
Practical application The specified angles and amendment of directions are found when oriented on the ground, for example, when moving in azimuths, when on the map with the help of the transport (officer line) or artillery circle, directory angles are measured on the guidelines located on the route of movement, translate them into magnetic azimuths, which Measure on the ground with a compass.
3.2.5. Determination of the geographic coordinates of the points along the topographic map.
As previously noted, the frame of the topographic map is divided into minute segments, which in turn are separated by points for second divisions (the division price is depending on the scale of the card). On the side sides of the frame marked latitudes, on the North and South - longitude.
Ledolotshchnpn: №;!
∙ .OPRKGSRR298NAK29384 6000TMZschomzchzchz
Figure 11. Determination of geographic and rectangular coordinates on the topographic map.
Using the minute frame of the card, you can:
1. Determine the geographic coordinates of any point on the map.
For this, it is necessary (an example for point a):
conduct parallel through the point A;
determine the number of minutes and seconds between the parallel t. A and the southern parallel of the card sheet (01 '35 ");
add the resulting number of minutes and seconds to the latitude of southern parallels of the map and get a point latitude, φ \u003d 60º00 '+ 01' 35 "\u003d 60º 01 '35"
carry out true meridian through t. A
determine the number of minutes and seconds between the true meridian of T.A. and the Western Meridian of the Card Sheet (02 ');
add the resulting number of minutes and seconds to the longitude of the Western Meridian sheet of the card, λ \u003d 36º 30 '+ 02' \u003d 36º 32 '
2. Point the point on the topographic map.
For this, it is necessary (an example for T.A. Φ \u003d 60º 01 '35 ", λ \u003d 36˚ 32').
on the western and eastern sides of the frame, determine points with this latitude and connect their straight line;
on the northern and southern sides of the frame, determine points with a given longitude and connect their straight line;
The decision of this Committee is old ... Buildings for headquarters of troops, for Abstract \u003e\u003e Historical Persons
Kaiser schoolchildren diligently studied military topography. German teacher, on ... Knox, respectively for posts military and militaryLimit minister. Republican bosses ... Staugenberg background) strengthened interest military USA managers in establishing ...
military topography is one of the most important items of training in the system of combat training sergeants and soldiers of all kinds of troops. Military topography knowledge allows you to skillfully study and evaluate the terrain, its tactical properties, use topographic and special cards, ground navigation equipment for organizing and conducting hostilities in order to effectively use weapons and military equipment in a modern combat.
Military topography - Special Military Discipline, which studies methods and facilities assessment tools, orientation on it and the production of field measurements to ensure combat activities of troops (forces), rules for conducting working maps and developing graphic combat documents.
12.1. Orientation on the locality without maps
the locality orientation means to determine its location regarding the parties to the horizon surrounding local objects and the form of relief, find the right direction of movement and be able to withstand this direction on the way.
When focused on the terrain, the simplest methods of orientation are widely used: according to the compass, celestial luminaires and signs of local items.
12.1.1.1 Magnetic Compass Device
when oriented on the terrain, the adrianov compass is most widely used.
Compass Adrianova is designed to determine the side of the horizon, the magnetic azimuth of the direction, measuring horizontal angles between the directions.
Compass Adrianova consists of a hull 1 (Fig. 176), in the center of which on the edge of
li is placed magnetic arrow 3. In the non-working state, the magnetic arrow is pressed to the glass cover of the brake 6. Circular scale (Limb) 2 is divided into 120 divisions, division price 3 0. The scale has a double digitization: the inner - along the clockwise arrow from 0 0 to 360 0 by 15 0 (5 divisions of the scale) and external - against the course of the clockwise, through 5 large sections of the teller (10 divisions of the scale).
To sight the objects and removal of samples on the compass scale on the rotating ring, the sighting device (culk and lushka) 4 and the countdown pointer 5. The northern end of the magnetic arrow, indicators of samples and divisions on a scale after 90 0 are covered with paint luminous in the dark, which facilitates Use of a compass at night.
Compass handling rules. When working with a compass, it should always be remembered that when the side of the horizon is determined, it is necessary to move away from power lines, railway canvas, military equipment and large metal objects at a distance of 40-50 meters.
12.1.2. Determination of directions on the side of the horizon on the compass
to determine the side of the horizon on the compass, it is necessary to give a compass a horizontal position, release the brake and install (rotate) compass so that the northern end of the arrow coincided with the zero division of the scale, which corresponds to the direction north.
12.1.3. Determination of directions on the side of the horizon
on heavenly Svetilas
In the absence of a compass or in the regions of magnetic anomalies, the side of the horizon can be approximately defined in the afternoon through the sun, and at night along the polar star or the moon.
The sun makes its visible path from the east to the West and moves 15 0 in 1 hour. At noon (approximately at 13 o'clock and 14 hours in summer) it is in the south.
On a sunny day, the direction to the north can be determined by shadow (Fig. 177). In the picture, the shadow gives a vertically supplied pencil. Local Observation Tim
is 30 0 (15-13) x 15 0 \u003d 30 0.
By the Sun with the help of hours(Fig. 178). The clock is kept horizontally and turn
they are until the hour arrow is compatible with the direction in the sun. 9 Putting the minute arrow is not taken into account). The angle between the hour arrow and the number 1 (in the summer - digit 2) the clock clock is divided in half. The line dividing the corner in half will indicate the south direction.
According to the polar star. The polar star is in the north. At night on the cloudless sky, it can be easily found on the constellations of a big bear. Through two extreme stars, a large bears need to slowly spend a straight line (Fig. 179) and postpone
she is five times a segment equal to the distance between the extreme stars. The end of the fifth segment will indicate the position of the polar star. The accuracy of determining the direction on the polar star is 2-3 0.
On the moon. The side of the horizon is determined in the cloud night, when it is not possible to find the polar star. To do this, you need to know the location of the moon in different phases (Table 65).
Table 65.
12.1.4. Defining the side of the horizon on the signs of local items
The bark of most trees is rougher on the north side, thinner, more elastic (in the birch of lighter) - on southern;
from the north side of trees, stones, tiled and slate roofs earlier and are richly covered with moss, lichen, fungi;
on the trees of conifer breed resin, it accumulates with a south side;
the anthills are located on the south side of trees, stumps and bushes, in addition, the southern slope of anthills is gentle, and the northern cool;
snow is faster on the southern slopes, as a result of tapping in the snow, jar is formed - spikes aimed at south;
seekers in forests, as a rule, are focused in the direction of North-South or West-East; The numbering of forest areas of forest arrays comes from west to east and further south;
altari Orthodox churches, chapels are facing east,
the main entrances are located on the west side;
altari Catholic churches (chostels) are treated to the West;
the elevated end of the lower crossbar of the churches is facing north;
on the stump of spokey trees, the layers of annual growth of wood are closer to the north side.
12.1.5. Measuring corners on the ground
Measuring angles with binoculars. In the visual binoculant pipe there are two mutually perpendicular scales (Fig. 180) for measuring horizontal and
vertical angles. The price of a large division of 0-10, small 0-05 divisions of the tagomer.
In the figure, the horizontal angle between the trees is 0-45, and the vertical angle between the base and the vertex of the tree is 0-15. Accuracy of measuring angles using binoculars 0-02.
Measurement of angles with a line with millimeter divisions. With the help of such a ruler, you can measure the angles in the divisions of the teller and in degrees. If the line is to keep in front of you 50 cm from the eye (Fig. 181), then 1 mm on the line will correspond to 0-02. Measuring the angle is calculated by the number of millimeters between the
Metami and multiply them by 0-02. When measuring an angle in degrees, the ruler is taken out to a distance of 60 cm from the eyes. In this case, 1 cm on the ruler will correspond to 1 0.
12.1.6. Measurement of distances
Determination of distances over corner sizes of items. The method is used when the linear dimensions of the remote item are known to which the distance is measured. The angular dimensions of the subject are measured in the divisions of the tilter using binoculars. The distance to the subject is determined by the pupil:
D \u003d ------- x 1000,
where B is a known height (width, length) of the subject, in m;
U is the corner value of the subject, in the divisions of the telometer.
For example: observed in binoculars (separate tree), the height of which is 10 m, is covered with three small divisions of the binoculars (0-15). Consequently, the distance to the landmark
Table 66.
| An object | Sizes, M. | ||
| height | length | width | |
| Tank Middle | 2-2,5 | 6-7 | 3-3,5 |
| Armored personnel carrier | 5-6 | 2-2,4 | |
| Motorcycle with strolle | 1,2 | ||
| Car cargo | 2-2,5 | 5-6 | 2-3,5 |
| Automobile car | 1,6 | 1,5 | |
| Coach | |||
| Railway tank | |||
| Wooden line link | 5-7 | - | - |
| House of rural type | 6-7 | - | - |
| One floor of a residential building | 3-4 | - | - |
| Distance between communication columns | - | 50-60 | - |
| Middle man man | 1,7 | - | - |
Measurement of distances steps
This method is usually used when moving through azimuths, the preparation of location schemes, drawing on a map of individual objects, landmarks in other cases. The account of steps is as a rule, pairs. The step of the middle growth man is 0.7-0.8 m, the length of the pair of steps is 1.6 m. More precisely, the length of its step can be determined by the formula:
D \u003d ----- + 0.37,
where d - the length of one step, in m;
P - human growth, in m.
Example: human growth is 1.75 m, then the length of his step -
D \u003d ----- + 0.37 \u003d 0.8 m.
12.1.7. Target designation
The ability to quickly and correctly indicate goals, landmarks and other objects on the ground is important for managing units and fire.
The target designation is performed different ways: from the reference point, in azimuth and range to the target, in azimuth pointer (tower of the tower) tracing bullets (shells) and signal missiles.
The target designation is the most common way. Initially, the landmark closest to the target, then the value of the angle between the direction on the landmark and the direction on the target in the division of the tagomer (measured by binoculars) and removing to the target in meters. For example: "The benchmark is the second, right forty, further two, from a separate bush - a machine gun."
In azimuth and range to goal. Azimuth directions on the target are determined using a compass in degrees, and the range to it - with the help of a surveillance device or eye in meters. For example: "Azimut thirty-five, a period of six hundred - tank in the trench." This method is most often used on the ground, where there are few landmarks.
According to the azimtal pointer (the tower of the tower). The target of the sight is combined with the goal and, after reading the installation of azimuth pointer, report direction to the target, its name and range. For example: "Thirty-five zero-zero, BMP on the edge of a grove, seven hundred."
Trassing bullets (shells) and signal missiles. When specifying the goals in this way, the order and the length of the queues (color of missiles) are installed in advance, and the observers are prescribed, which report on the appearance of signals.
12.1.8. Determination of magnetic azimuths
Magnetic azimuth, AM is a horizontal angle, measured by a clockwise arrow from the northern direction of the magnetic meridian to direction on the subject. Its values \u200b\u200bcan be from 0 to 360 0.
Magnetic azimuth directions are determined by compass in a specific order. Stand up in a given direction, holding a compass in a horizontal position in front of it at a height of 10-12 cm below the eye level, freeing the brake of the magnetic arrow. Holding a compass in an approximate position, turning the rotating cover to send a visitor line (culk-fly) in a given direction and against the fly pointer to calculate the limb. This will be magnetic azimuth directions. In fig. 182 Magnetic azimuth on a separate tree 330 0.
To determine the direction on the area on a given magnetic azimuth, it is necessary to install on the scale of the compass against the fly, the countdown equal to the value of a given magnetic azimuth. Then, releasing the brake of the magnetic arrow, turn the compass in the horizontal plane so that the north end of the arrow is staring against zero scale division. Without changing the position of the compass, notice on the area along the line of sight through the whole and the fly of some remote guide. Direction to the landmark and will be the direction corresponding to the specified azimuth.
12.1.9. Azimuth movement
Azimuth movement is a way to keep the intended path from one point to another in well-known azimuths and distances.
Preparation of data for azimuth movement
The map shows the route of movement with clear reference guidelines and measure the directory angle and the length of each straight line of the route. The distance between the guidelines should not exceed 1-2 km in foot, and 6-10 km when moving by car. Directional angles are transferred to magnetic azimuths (see section 12.2.4), and the distance to the pair of steps. The data for the azimuth movement is made on the map, and if there are no maps on the way, then the route circuit (Fig. 183) or table (Table 67).
The order of the Azimuts
The initial (first) reference with the help of a compass is determined by azimuth on
Table 67.
board of movement to the second reference. In this direction, a remote guide notice and start moving, counting the distance with pairs of steps. Having reached the intended reference point, the direction of movement is scheduled again to the compass before the next intermediate reference point and so continues to move before the second guide. In the same order, movement from the second reference point to the third, etc. The accuracy of the output to the benchmarks and to the end point usually does not exceed 1/10 distance traveled, that is, 100 m per kilometer traveled.
12.2. Work with map on the ground
the topographic map is a reduced, detailed and accurate image of a small area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain on the plane (paper).
The cards used in the troops are divided into large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale (tab. 68).
Table 68.
| Map scale | Name card | CAR classification | |
| Software | By main purpose | ||
| 1: 10 000 in 1 cm 100 m) | ten thousand | Large-based staff | Tactical |
| 1: 25 000 (1 cm 250 m) | Twenty pyattyanya | ||
| 1: 50 000 (1 cm 500 m) | Five thousand | ||
| 1: 100 000 (1 cm 1 km) | Stomasky | Midnias and staff | |
| 1: 200 000 (1 cm 2 km) | Two-hundredth thousand | Operational | |
| 1: 500 000 (1 cm 5 km) | five hundred dollar | Small and staff | |
| 1: 1 000 000 (1 cm 10 km) | Millionna |
12.2.1. Nomenclature of maps
This is a system of designation (numbering) of individual sheets. The nomenclature of topographic maps is based on a scale map of 1: 1,000,000. The nomenclature is signed over the northern map of the map in the upper right corner. A typical record of the nomenclature of sheets of cards of all scales is shown in Table 69.
Table 69.
Knowing the nomenclature of a sheet of a map can be determined to which scale of the card refers to this sheet. Digital nomenclature is applied to mechanical card accounting.
12.2.2. Main conditional signs
Topographic maps reflect all the most important elements of the terrain: relief, hydrography, vegetation cover and soils, settlements, road network, borders, industrial, agricultural, socio-cultural and other objects. All these area elements are displayed on the maps of cartographic conventional signs.
Cartographic conventional signs for the purpose and geometric properties are divided into three types: linear, bonus and squares. In addition to the conventional signs, signatures explaining the view or the genus of the objects depicted on the map are applied on the map, as well as their quantitative and qualitative characteristics.
Linear cartographic conventional signs depict linear objects, the length of which is expressed on the scale of the map - roads, oil pipelines, etc.
Maintenance-based cartographic conventional signs depict objects whose areas are not expressed on the map scale. The location of such objects is determined by the main point of the conditional sign. (Fig. 184).
Square cartographic conventional signs fill the area of \u200b\u200bobjects expressed on the scale of the card (forest arrays, settlements, etc.).
12.2.3. Reading cards of different scales
Read the card - this means correctly and fully perceive the symbolism of its conditional signs, quickly and unmistakably recognizing on them not only the type and varieties of the objects depicted, but also their characteristic properties. At the same time, the following must be observed. general rules:
1. Fine attitude to the content of the map.
2. Cumulative reading of conditional signs.
3. Memorization read.
12.2.4. Definition of directory corners
Transition from the directory angle to magnetic azimuth and back
Directional node, ___ Any direction is called an angle, measured on the map by a clockwise arrow from 0 0 to 360 0 between the northern direction of the vertical kilometer line and the direction to the local item is determined. Directional angles are measured by the transporter or chordwowger. Measurement of directory angles with transportation is measured in such a sequence:
the landmark on which the directory angle is measured is connected by a straight line with a point of standing so that this straight line is greater than the transport radius and crossed at least one vertical line of the coordinate grid;
combine the transport center with a point of intersection, as shown in Fig. 185 And the directory angle value is counted on the transport. In our example, a directing angle with a point A to a point in equal to 46 0, and from the point A to the point C - 300 0. Average error of the angle measurement by transport 1 0.
On the area with the help of a compass (busus), magnetic azimuths of directions are measured, from which they are then moving to the directional corners. On the map, on the contrary, the directions of the corners are measured and they are moving to magnetic azimuths of directions on the ground (Fig. 186).
A m \u003d ___ - ( + Pn)
And M + ( + Pn)
Mon \u003d ( + b) - ( + ___),
where b is a magnetic decline, ___ - rapprochement of meridians, Mon - amendment direction. The sign "+", if ___, ____, Mon - Eastern, "-", if ___, ___, Mon - Western. Magnetic declination, rapprochement and correction of the direction is signed under the southern map of the map in the lower left corner.
12.2.5. Camery on the map. Definition of coordinates
If you want to clarify the position of the target in the square, then it is divided into 4 or 9 parts (Fig. 187). For example: "Purpose M, Square 6590-b" or "Square 6590-4".
Geographical coordinates
The geographical coordinates are called angular values \u200b\u200b(latitude B and longitude L), determining the position of objects on the earth's surface relative to the plane of the equator and the initial (zero) meridian. On the maps of scale 1:25 000 - 1: 200,000 sides of the framework are divided into segments equal to 1 /. These segments are shaded after one and separated by points (except the map of the scale 1: 200,000) part 10 //. Determination of geographic coordinates (Fig. 188). Accuracy of coordinate definition + 3 // .
Flat rectangular coordinates - linear values \u200b\u200bof the abscissa x and ordinate y, determining the position of the point on the plane (map). When determining the total coordinates of the point to digitize the coordinate line forming the southern and west sides of the square, and which the point is located, find and write down the total value of Hu in kilometers. Then the circular meter (ruler) is measured by the perpendicular distance from the point to these coordinate lines in meters and add them to x and y (Fig. 189). Accuracy of determining coordinates not more than 0.2 mm on a map scale.
12.2.6. Determination of heights and mutual excess
The absolute height of H, any point of the terrain, the mark of which on the map is not signed, determine the horizontal closest to it. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to determine the levels of horizontals using the marks of other horizontals and characteristic points of the area prescribed on the map (Fig. 190). The horizontal marker can be determined by a height of 197.4 and the height of the section 10 m, and \u003d 190 m. Absolute height
a separate tree will be equal to 165 m, windmill 172 m. Definition of mutual exceeding points (H) is to establish a value indicating how much one point above or below another one. For example, windmill It is higher than a separate tree of 7 m. Accuracy of determining the absolute height of not more than 0.5 mm on a map scale.
12.2.7. Application on the set of furnishings and action parts
and units RHB protection
Application on the map of the situation is called the leading of the working card. The situation is applied with the necessary accuracy, completeness and visibility.
The map draw up a service header, time to start making a map and signature official; Apply the position of its division and information about the opponent, information about the radiation, chemical and biological environment, draw the forms of tables (distribution of forces and means, control signals, alerts, etc.) Conditional notation, meteorological data.
The position of their troops and troops of the enemy should be applied to a working card with pencils of certain colors.
Red color, tasks and actions of motorized rifle, tank units and units of other generics of troops, except for the divisions of rocket troops, artillery, special troops, which are shown in black color are shown.
Enemy troops, their position, action, management points, positions, etc. Applied on the card in blue.
Numbering and name of units and explanatory signatures related to their troops are performed in black, and related to the enemy - in blue. All signatures should be placed parallel to the northern map frame.
For commanders of the departments of radiation and chemical intelligence, it is necessary to know and be able to correctly apply the route of intelligence.
Railway Railway
The route on the map is raised by a black-colored pencil, intermittent line on distance from the road 2 - 3 mm south and eastern side of the road. Landmarks are assessed with a black circle of 8 mm. The distance between the guidelines measure and sign about the designations of the benchmarks by the increasing result from the outgoing point (Fig. 191). When planning a march, the route rises with a pencil
brown and mugs are assessed as brown in color. The application of the situation on the map and actions of parts and units of the RHB protection is applied with conventional notation used in combat documents.
12.2. Navigation equipment intelligence machines
Navigation equipment is designed for:
driving automotive and mixed columns in conditions of limited visibility (at night, in fog, blizzard, when dusting and smoking), on the ground of poor landmarks and in the zones of radioactive infection;
implementation of the binding station of the detection and serif of nuclear explosions;
withstands a given direction of movement.
12.3.1. Tactical and technical characteristics
| Name of data | TNA-3 | TNA-4. |
| The equipment provides work with the limiting error of determining the current coordinate: for tracked objects for wheel objects | 3% 3,5% | 3% 3,5% |
| Work with a given reorienting accuracy for | 7 o'clock | 7 o'clock |
| Maintaining the initial directional angle of the object with the error | 0-01 | 0-01 |
| Source coordinates with error | + 20 meters | + 20 meters |
| Continuous operation of equipment | no more than 7 hours | Not limited |
| The readiness time of equipment for work after its inclusion | 13 minutes | 13 minutes |
| The movement of the object after turning on the equipment is allowed | After 6 minutes | in 3 minutes |
| The equipment provides work with a given accuracy when the on-board network voltage | 27 B. + 10% | 27 B. + 5 % |
| The accuracy of the maintenance of the route from the distance traveled is approximately | 1,3 % | 1,3% |
12.3.2. Preparation for work is to prepare the source data,
including equipment and initial and initial orientation
Preparing the source data includes definition:
flat rectangular coordinates x and at the source point;
the difference of coordinates between the destination and the initial item X, y:
X \u003d x P.N. - x isch.
Y \u003d U P.N. - U isch.
Directional angle on the reference point ___ OR.
12..3.3. Enable and turning off the equipment
Including the equipment to produce in the object parking in the following order:
on the coordinator switch system to set to the ON position;
ensure hearing in the launch of the PT-200-CHP current converter;
switch Operating-control to work position;
scale in a position 10 m.
Turning on the equipment by installing the switch system on the coordinator to OFF.
12.3.4. Initial orientation
Initial orientation is to install the object to the original item, determining the original directive angle _______ object. And entering the source data into the equipment (Fig. 192).
Exchange \u003d ___ or. - ___ visas. .
where ___ visas. - an angle of sight from the tower sensor to the landmark, if ___ op< ____ виз, то _____ исх. = 60-00+___ ор. - ___ виз. .
in the absence of landmarks and in poor visibility conditions, the directory angle
Exchange It can be determined using the PAB-2A Busus (Fig. 193) and is calculated by the formulas:
Exchange \u003d A M + ( + PN) + ( + 30-00) - ____ visas. .
the value of 30-00 is introduced into the formula with the "+" sign, if and m< 30-00 и со знаком «-«, если А м > 30-00. If the amount is m + ( + PN) + ( + 30-00) < ___ виз. , то ___ мсх. = А м + (+ PN) + ( + 30-00) + 60 -00 - ___ visas.
12.3.5. Enter the source data
The following source data is introduced into the navigation equipment: latitude, electrobalance (elf), flat rectangular coordinates x Exercise and OX, X and U, initial directive angle ___ Ex., Pature proofreading (K).
12.3.6. Terms of use
Before entering equipment, it is necessary to carry out that-1;
the proof of the path in the march process is allowed;
it is forbidden to turn off the power in the equipment in the object;
if the disconnection or reduction of the supply voltage occurred when the object is moved, then it is necessary to turn off the equipment, after increasing the voltage to the norm, turn on the equipment and reorient the object;
each time you change the latitude of the location of the object by 1 0 (TNA-3) and 2 0 (TNA-4), it is necessary to set the corresponding value of the scales of the instrument of the control panel.
12.4. Organization of classes on military topography in a platoon
Classes in the platoon are organized in accordance with the program of combat training of land forces.
Training An occupation includes: study of the schedule of classes, personal training of the head and studying for the occupation, the choice and training of the area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, the development of the plan for holding the classes, the preparation of the material part and the means of logistics the classes.
The commander of the department, preparing for the lesson, clarifies its topic, educational purposes and educational issues, time, duration and area of \u200b\u200bclasses, studies the relevant sections of the textbook "Military Topography", methodical manuals and planned to work on regulations. After the reconnaissance of the area of \u200b\u200boccupation by the platoon commander, on the basis of its instructions, the commander of the department is a plan of classes and presents it to approval of the platoon commander 1-2 days before the start of classes.
The work plan is a personal working document of the separation commander and is usually drawn up in the working notebook textually with the scheme of actions of the student unit. It must be outlined clearly, specifically, it should be clearly defined goals, educational issues and a sequence of occupation, as well as the nature of the actions of the head and trained for each learning issue.
Swints game description of all cards
How to make Jenga. Desktop game Jenga. Rules of the game "Jenga"
7 10 download mod solar apocalysis
Map city after zombie apocalypse
How to get heads in Minecraft