What do the colors on the map represent? The green color on the physical map shows what the colors on the physical map represent.

Kart? All this will be discussed in our article.

The geographic map is...

The map is one of the oldest inventions of mankind. Initially, they were carved on stones, rocks and cave walls. These were primitive drawings of the terrain of primitive people. One of the oldest maps is dated by scientists to the seventeenth millennium BC. And it was not a map of the starry sky. Vega, Altair, Deneb and some other bright stars of the sky were marked on it.

Similar land maps were created by ancient Greek explorers and travelers - Strabo, Anaximander, Hecateus, Ptolemy and others. Cartography developed unusually rapidly in the XIV-XVI centuries, in the so-called era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. At this time, portolans were created - sea plans that describe in detail the waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, as well as the western coasts and northern coasts of Europe.

The geographical map at the present time absolutely does not lose its value and relevance. In the 21st century, it becomes not only the result, but also an important tool for many scientific studies and research. Maps are widely used in geology, urban planning, meteorology, agriculture and other areas of human activity. She is also studying school geography (grade 6).

A geographic map is a model of the earth's surface reduced by hundreds or thousands of times, created using a system of special signs. Almost all schoolchildren look at these colorful sheets of paper with great interest in the classroom. And many of them have legitimate questions: what is shown in brown on the map? What about other colors and shades? Next, we will talk in detail about the conventional signs of modern maps. But first you need to find out what types of them generally exist?

Varieties of geographical maps

Geographic maps are classified according to scale, territorial coverage, purpose and content. According to their purpose, they can be:

• educational;
• reference;
• scientific;
• tourist;
• sports;
• navigation, etc.

By scale, all maps are divided into small-, medium- and large-scale, and by content - into general geographical and thematic. General geographic maps display many natural and public objects: relief, vegetation, hydrography, cities and villages, roads, etc. Thematic maps display individual objects (phenomena) of nature, the economy, or the social sphere.

What is shown in brown on the map?

The surface of our planet is not uniform. About 70% of its area is occupied by seas and oceans, and on land there are plateaus and mountains. How is all this displayed on general geographical maps?

All kinds of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, reservoirs, etc.) are indicated in blue. And this is quite logical. But the surface of the land is decorated with a variety of shades: from dark green to brown. What is shown in brown on the map?

The choice of color depends on the absolute height of the particular area in meters (above sea level). A green tint indicates lowlands and plains (up to 200 meters in height), yellow - hills (from 200 to 500 meters), and brown - mountainous regions (over 500 meters).

Ways to designate relief on maps

The designation of the relief on the map can be carried out in two main ways:

• with the help of flowers;
• using horizontal lines.

The color mode was described in detail in the previous section. It is used, as a rule, in the preparation of general geographical (physical) maps. In addition to colors, such maps usually mark individual points of the terrain and indicate their absolute height. These can be the highest mountain peaks or, conversely, the lowest depressions in a particular area.

By color, you can determine not only the height of the earth's surface, but also the depth of the seas and oceans. Colors are used to indicate depths on maps. The more saturated the shade, the deeper the bottom is at a particular point.

Each physical map is necessarily accompanied by a scale of heights and depths. From it, you can approximately determine the height of the terrain or the depth of the ocean.

The second way to depict the relief involves the use of special lines - contour lines. It is mainly used in the preparation of topographic maps and terrain plans.

Topographic map and its features

Universal maps of a large scale, which depict the terrain in detail, are called topographic. With their help, you can get a fairly detailed idea of ​​a particular territory.

All topographic maps are divided into four categories based on scale:

• large-scale (1:500,000 and larger);
• medium-scale (1:200,000, 1:100,000);
• small scale (1:50,000, 1:10,000);
• area plans.

The most detailed objects of the area are displayed on topographic plans, which have a scale of 1:5000 (most often). They can show individual buildings, trees, stones, churches, etc. Another distinctive feature of the terrain plans is that they do not take into account the curvature of the Earth's surface.

Conventional signs of geographical maps and plans of the area

When compiling topographic maps and terrain plans, a set of certain conventional symbols is used. With their help, a qualitative and quantitative characteristic of natural objects, social phenomena is given. What are the conventional signs of geographical maps? 4 of their types are distinguished by modern topographers. This:

1. Large-scale.
2. Linear.
3. Off-scale.
4. Explanatory signs.

With the help of scale signs, those objects and objects that can be expressed on the scale of the map are displayed. It can be a forest, a field, quarters of cities, etc. Off-scale conventional signs look like small figures or graphic drawings. They allow you to display objects that are too small on the map (for example, a tree, a stone, a coal mine, or a monastery). With the help of linear signs, extended objects are displayed - roads, borders, power lines (power lines). Explanatory conventional graphic designations serve to additionally characterize certain objects of the area.

In total, there are about two hundred conditional topographic signs. The figure below shows just a few of them. Here, for example, you can see what the symbol for sand, forest, lake, ravine or bridge looks like.

The image of the relief on topographic maps

As mentioned above, on topographic maps, the terrain is displayed using the so-called contour lines. These are conditional lines connecting points of the earth's surface with the same height. Contours are drawn at intervals of 10, 20 or 50 meters. But it all depends on the scale of the map: the larger it is, the more detailed the local relief can be shown. You can see what the horizontal lines look like in the figure below.

Horizontal lines are usually gray or pale brown. In places where these lines break, their absolute height is indicated. In addition, individual points are often marked on geographical maps, signing their exact height above sea level. These can be individual mountain peaks or objects that serve as clear landmarks on the ground.

Learning to "read" the terrain on the map is easy. The density and number of applied contour lines directly depends on the degree of dissection of the earth's surface. The closer these lines are located to each other on the map, the steeper the slope on the ground. However, the best way to learn how to read a topographic map is to take it with you on a hike or trip.

Depiction of vegetation and landscapes on maps

Landscapes, vegetation and soil cover are also shown in some detail on the maps. At the same time, topographers use about 50 special signs.

Green spots and belts that can be seen on almost any topographic map are nothing but forests. Forest boundaries are displayed as dotted lines. Additional characteristics of a particular forest are indicated using off-scale and explanatory signs.

Swamps on the maps are indicated by horizontal blue stripes. Moreover, if these strips are continuous, then the swamp is impassable, and if they are interrupted, then they are passable. Sands appear as random brown dots.

There are special symbols for designating vineyards, fruit and berry orchards, shrubs, woodlands, rice fields, tea plantations and other forms of vegetation.

Conclusion

Now you know what is shown on the map in brown, what is green, and what is blue. The choice of color depends on the height of the terrain. So, the lowlands are indicated in green, the hills are yellow, and the mountain systems are brown. On topographic maps, the relief of the earth's surface is displayed differently - with the help of contour lines.

If cartographers didn't use different colors for marks on maps, then they (maps) would be gray and boring, wouldn't they? The colors on them are actually more than just colors. It is amazing to me that each shade has its own meaning and its own purpose!

What do all cards have in common?

Some colors are usually used in a certain meaning, regardless of which card it is. They are recognizable by any student and understandable to absolutely everyone.

For example, on a political, physical, and on any other map, no one dares to mark mountains or deserts in blue.

Colors on the physical map

We can say that the physical map is used most often: in geography lessons, while planning an incredible trip to a new country, etc. The meanings of the colors on it are quite logical and clear. It will be clear to any child and adult that green is forest, brown is mountains, white is ice, and yellow is desert.

In this kind of map, hue matters a lot. The darker the brown, the higher the mountain. For example, the surface of the Himalayas, the Andes, or the Cordillera Mountains is distinguished on the map by the darkest shades of brown.

The darker the blue color on the map, the deeper the bottom in the pond. An example is the Mariana Trench. Accordingly, if a reservoir has a light blue color on the map, then it is completely shallow.

How colors are used in other maps

It is already clear that colors can be used in different ways, depending on which type the desired card belongs to. They can perform the following functions:

• in political maps, colors are most often needed to clearly highlight the boundaries between countries;
• on maps of climatic zones, different climatic zones are shown in different colors;
• the colors on the time zone map are also used to highlight the boundaries between zones.

Based on this, we can draw the following conclusion: if we are talking about the colors used in the fill (when some area, for example, a country, is painted over with a certain shade), then the main purpose of using color is to draw clear boundaries between countries, regions, belts and zones .

Colors play a really meaningful role in maps. They not only make the image more aesthetically pleasing, but also contain useful information, and also help you navigate the map with ease.

Topic: Conditional colors of the physical map.

Goals: - introduce students to the conditional colors of a physical map;

Develop map reading skills using conditional colors;

To consolidate the concepts of "plan", "map", "scale";

Correction and development of visual-figurative thinking, when working with

card;

Developing the ability to answer full, detailed statements to the questions of the teacher.

Equipment : physical map of Russia, textbooks, workbooks, cards with individual tasks, presentation for the lesson.

New concepts : conditional colors of the physical map;

The elevation scale of the area from sea level.

During the classes.

Organizational moment.

In order for you to remember what topic we studied in the last lesson, you will have to solve riddles:

There are fields - you can’t plow,

There are roads, you can't drive.

There is no water in the rivers and seas,

What is it and where it happens, give an answer.

With K I'm at school on the wall,

Mountains, rivers are on me,

I won’t hide from you -

I am also at school.

Okay, well done!

Yes, in the last lesson we got acquainted with the plan and the map.

Activating students' knowledge: and now attention to the screen.

1. What images of the earth's surface exist? (slide 2) answers.

2. What is a site plan? Answer. Checking(slide 3) - read

3.What is a card? Answer. Checking(slide 4) .- read.

4. Globe - what is it? Answer. Checking(slide 5) - read.

5. What is depicted on the terrain plan? Answer. Checking(slide 6). - read.

6. And what is depicted on the cards? Answer. Checking(slide 7).

7. What are the cards according to their purpose? Answer. We check.

(slides 8-12)

7. Is the scale on the ground plan and the map the same? Answer.

8. What is the scale? Answer. Checking(slide 13) read.

Practical task: On the physical map p.10, use the scale to find the distance between the cities that are encrypted. When you decipher the names of the cities, what will you do next? Measure the distance, what's next? Okay. We found the scale on page 11 at 1cm 250 km. How do we know what is the distance between cities. That's right, you need to multiply the received cm by 250 km. Answers: from Magadan to Moscow - from Yakutsk to Magadan - from Yakutsk to Moscow -

Okay.

Learning new material:

When working with a physical map, you probably noticed that the map is painted in different colors. And who knows what the concept of "conditional colors of a physical map" means? Answers.(slide 14). What are the conditional colors found on the map? Answers.

Our planet has an uneven surface. On land, lowlands, uplands, plains, mountains are distinguished.

A physical map is a geographical map that depicts the surface of the land, seas, oceans.

Oceans, seas, rivers, lakes on a physical map indicateblue in different shades.The deepest parts of the oceans are markeddark blue.

The surface of the land is indicated by different conditional colors, depending on the height of the area.(slide 15)

Terrain elevation is measured from ocean or sea level.(slide 16)

On a physical map, there is a scale of heights and a scale of depths, by which one can determine the approximate height of the area on land and the depth of the sea or ocean.

Exercise: the first group - you need to take cards with any color and match them with the text on the board. The second group - you need to take cards with a hint and match their colors with a geographical map. Okay.

Working with the textbook p.83 we read, we answer the questions:

1.What is a physical map?

2. How are different forms of the Earth's surface indicated on physical maps?

3. Why do we need a scale of heights and depths on a physical map? Well done!

Working with the map: - find the mountains on the map. Read what they are called.

Find on the map large plains, lowlands. Read their names;

Find the sea on which the city, Magadan, is located, read its name.

Consolidation.

1. Work in workbooks p.32 task 1, 2,3, 4.

Lesson summary: How do physical maps indicate different shapes of the Earth's surface? Answer. Checking(slide 17).

Y/Z p.83-85 Question No. 5

Lesson grades.

Thanks everyone.

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Slides captions:

Conditional colors of the physical map

What images of the earth's surface exist?

A plan is a drawing of a small piece of land.

A map is a reduced image of the earth's surface, made using conditional colors and symbols.

Globe - volume reduced model of the globe.

The plan depicts small areas of the terrain - a city, a village, a field, a forest, etc.

Large areas of land and water bodies are marked on maps.

According to their purpose, cards are different: physical; geological; political; economic; administrative; natural zones.

Administrative map of the region

Physical map of the hemispheres

economic map

Scale is a number that shows how many times the distances on the ground are reduced when depicted on the plan.

With the help of conditional colors on a physical map show the shape of the Earth's surface. Using a scale of heights and depths on a physical map, you can determine the approximate height of the area on land and the depth of the sea or ocean.

Conditional colors of the physical map.

The elevation scale of the area from sea level.

The shapes of the earth's surface on a physical map are shown using color. Green indicates low places - lowlands, yellow - hills, brown - mountains. Water bodies (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes) are marked in blue and blue.

The outline of land areas, terrain and local objects are indicated on the map by color and conventional signs. So, fields, meadows - light green; various reservoirs - blue; sands - yellow; hills, mountains - dark yellow and various tones of brown; trails, dirt roads, buildings of settlements - in gray or brown.

Conventional signs, usually close in style to the actual forms of objects, are divided into four main groups:

1) Contour or scale signs (Fig. 36), they denote large-sized objects that can be expressed on a map scale - forest areas, meadows, arable land, lakes, swamps, large rivers, sands, etc. Their boundaries contours are indicated by solid lines or dots in accordance with the actual contours on the ground. The area inside the contour is covered with appropriate colors and filled with additional symbols.

2) Out-of-scale signs (Fig. 37) are used to designate important, small-sized objects that cannot be expressed on a map scale. These include winter quarters, wells, some landmarks - various towers, factory chimneys, radio masts, etc. These images on the map are enlarged, and it is impossible to judge the actual size of objects from them.

3) Roads, trails, streams, power lines and other linear images, the scale of which reflects only the length, occupy an intermediate position between large-scale and off-scale signs and are called linear (Fig. 38).

4) Explanatory signs - abbreviations, names, numbers that explain the meaning of the symbol. For example, a lake is a lake, a pass is a lane, a river is a river; own names of objects and inscriptions that give additional characteristics. For example, in the contour of the forest the inscription “ber. 30 / 35-5 "indicates: birch, height 30 m, diameter 35 cm, distance between trees 5 m, or at the top sign the number indicates the height, etc.

Terrain image. The most visual and accurate way of depicting the terrain is the method of contour lines with digital elevation marks. Contours are closed curved lines that connect points located at the same height above sea level (Fig. 39). Horizontals visually convey landforms. Using them, you can determine the height of the terrain points. Contours are drawn through intervals of equal height, which are called the height of the section. The following section heights are accepted on the maps: 10 m for a map of scale 1: 50,000; 20 m - 1: 100,000; 40 m - 1:200,000.

Elevations and depressions of the terrain - hollows - are indicated by the same horizontal lines. Bergstrokes are used to distinguish between highs and lows. Bergshtrich - a short dash, located perpendicular to the horizontal in the direction of lowering the terrain. The steepness of the slope when depicting the relief using the contour lines is indicated by convergence or stretching in the location of the contour lines. The closer the horizontals are to each other, the steeper the slope. However, the maximum steepness of the slope, depicted by horizontal lines, does not exceed 45 °. Steeper slopes are depicted by conventional signs - ravines, cliffs. They are shown on maps and plans in dark brown. On small-scale maps, for greater clarity, hillshading is used along with contour lines. Its essence lies in the thickening of the shadows as the steepness of the slope increases. Shading is carried out with gray or brown paint. Flat surfaces remain white.

Grid on maps. When determining the location of objects - landmarks, standing points - on the map, coordinate grids are used, which allow you to quickly find or indicate the exact position of a particular point in the terrain. Coordinates are called angular or linear quantities that determine the position of points on any surface (on the earth's surface, on a map) or in space. Geographic coordinates are angular values ​​- geographic latitude and longitude, which determine the position of points on the earth's surface relative to the equator and a plumb line at a given point on the earth's surface. The value of the angle in degrees shows how far this or that point on the globe is north or south of the equator. If the point is located in the northern hemisphere, then its latitude will be called the northern latitude, if in the southern hemisphere, then the southern latitude.

Geographic longitude is also measured by the angle formed by the plane of the meridian, taken as the initial (zero), and the meridian passing through the given point. For uniformity in determining longitudes, it was agreed to consider the meridian passing through the astronomical observatory in Greenwich (England, near London) as the initial meridian and call it Greenwich. All points on the globe located east of the initial Greenwich meridian to the meridian 180 ° will have east longitude, and west of the initial meridian - west longitude. On a map with meridians and parallels plotted on it, you can determine the latitude and longitude of any point or object.

On topographic maps of large scales, the grid of meridians and parallels is shown outside the frame of the map sheet in the form of divisions (segments) equal to the linear value of one minute in longitude and latitude. On maps at a scale of 1:500,000 and 1:100,000, the grid of meridians and parallels is depicted on the entire sheet and its outlets are signed outside the map frame.

what color do plains and mountains represent on a physical map

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2. Brown yellow or orange, and the plains green and light green, as it were
3. The color on the physical map indicates the height above sea level. And not mountains - plains. From green to brown. Of course, the highest heights are in the mountains, which is why they are marked in brown. Yes, most of the plains have a low elevation and are marked in green. But there are also highland plains, which are depicted in yellow or even brown. And in the area depicted in green, you can find cutters 70 meters high.
4. plains in green, mountains in brown
5. Brown
6. mountains brown the darker the higher the plains green the darker the lower
7. green represents plains;
   yellow hills;
   brown mountains;
   white icy deserts (eg Antarctica);
   blue or blue expanses of water (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, bays, straits, etc.).
8. Plains - green, mountains - brown
9. I advise you to read carefully! !

   Mountains are large, narrow, elongated areas of the lithosphere surface, rising above the adjacent plains by more than 500 m.

   Since mountains are part of the relief, let's agree what we mean by relief. Relief is a set of irregularities in the surface of the lithosphere.

   I show the participants a physical map of Russia in the atlas and ask them to answer the question: What is shown on it in colors? . Answer: relief. Please remember the answer for later discussion.

   To the question: What color are the mountains shown on the map? , hear: Brown or various shades of brown. It is accepted as incorrect. So the answer is completely or partially incorrect. Please find the New Siberian Islands on the map and see what is located to the north of them. The Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean is being identified.

   I ask: Is the ridge mountains? , Are they shown in brown? . No, light blue. Which question was answered: the one posed or another? . It turns out that they answered the question: What color are mountains shown on land? .

   Correct answer: On the land of this map, the mountains are marked with various shades of brown, and in the water area (seas and oceans) from white to light blue.

   To the question - What color are the plains shown on land maps? - I get the answer: Green. The answer is also not accepted.

   To reasonably answer this question, you need to know the content of the concept of plain. The plains are large, oval-shaped areas of the lithosphere surface with minor irregularities up to 500 m. According to the absolute marks of the terrain, they are distinguished among them.

   1) up to 200 m of lowland, painted in dark green;

   2) from 200 to 500 m the plains are green with elevations up to 500 m;

   3) over 500 m up to 4-5 km of plateaus, plateaus, highlands.

   The highest altitude plain on Earth is the Tibetan Plateau with heights of 4-5 km. On the map, the Tibetan Plateau is shown in dark brown, and the Central Siberian Plateau is light brown, because its height is 800-1000 m. m.

   I repeat my first question:
   What is shown by the colors on the physical map? . After a short meeting of the participants, I hear in response: Absolute marks of the terrain, but not the relief. To do this, the map is accompanied by a scale of depths and heights in meters. If the terrain were reflected, the land plains would be depicted as areas of a solid green color, and the mountains as elongated areas of brown without any shades.

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11. plains in green, mountains in shades of brown
12. Mountains are indicated with brownish hues and plains or lowlands with green hues.
13. plains in yellow and green and mountains in brown