What soils are typical for the territory of Russia: types, features and soil map. Soils of russia Soil map of the world description

Soil map - a reduced and generalized image of the soil cover on a plane (topographic basis) at a given scale, built according to mathematical laws, in a certain system of symbols.

Soil map is a cartographic base with contours of soil-taxonomic units marked on it.

Depending on the practical tasks of soil-geographical research, soil maps can be performed on different scales.

Scale maps - the degree of reduction of distances and areas on the map in relation to the horizontal projections of these distances and areas on the ground.

The numerical scale (1: 1000, 1: 500,000) is expressed as a fraction: a unit is put in the numerator, and a number in the denominator that shows how many times the distance on the ground is reduced when it is displayed on the map. The smaller the denominator of the scale, the larger the image on the map.

Soil maps have a generally accepted scale, but their division into groups differs from the division adopted in other geographic sciences. In terms of scale, soil maps are subdivided into overview, small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale, detailed (Fig. 10.2; Table 10.1).

Rice. 10.2.

Table 10.1

Characteristics of soil maps of various scales

Name	Territory		The main appointment
Sightseeing 1: 2,500,000 and smaller	For continents, states, large natural regions	Types, subtypes	To identify patterns of spatial distribution of soils
Small-scale 1: 1 000 000 - 1: 500 000	For large regions - republics, territories, regions	Types, subtypes, sometimes childbirth	For regionalization of the territory (natural, agricultural), state land registration

Name	Territory	Soil taxonomic units displayed on maps	The main appointment
Medium Scale 1: 300,000 - 1: 100,000	administrative regions or districts	Types, subtypes, genera, species, varieties	For planning agricultural activities and reclamation works
Large scale 1: 50,000 - 1: 10,000	For educational organizations of different types		For on-farm land management, soil appraisal, planning of reclamation activities
Detailed	For the territories of experimental stations, NRU stations, etc.	All taxonomic units that can be distinguished under the existing classification	For selection of sites for pilot works, drainage and irrigation design, etc.

The scale of the maps determines the minimum size of the soil area that can be displayed on the map. For example, with a map scale of 1:10 000, the area of ​​the minimum contour will be 20-25 mm 2, which corresponds to a soil area of ​​20-25 m 2.

According to the selected scale, the soil map displays certain levels of soil cover organization.

The lowest level of soil cover is the elementary soil area (EPL). These are the areas of soils belonging to any one classification unit of the lowest rank. The next levels of soil cover organization are formed by regularly repeating EPAs in space, which form micro-, meso- and macrostructures of the soil cover (see also Chapter 8, paragraph 8.2).

Areas of individual EPAs are distinguished on detailed soil maps. Large-scale maps make it possible to convey on the map the areas of inhomogeneous contours - microstructures and small-contour mesostructures.

These maps are informative and make it possible to judge the genesis of soils, their conjugation in the landscape, to identify and substantiate the structure of the soil cover. The main materials for constructing large-scale maps are aerial photography, space imagery, and field research.

Medium-scale soil maps display various combinations of soils by mesorelief elements. These maps show the soil cover of large areas in general terms, capturing the distribution of the prevailing soils that are associated with meso- and macro-relief. The boundaries of soil contours are more schematized than on large-scale maps.

Small-scale maps show the distribution of the dominant soil and sometimes one of the accompanying soils according to their distribution. The content of small-scale soil maps is significantly generalized and schematic. These maps are created by generalizing maps of a larger scale, often using route-key studies.

Consider typification of soil maps according to their purpose. Soil maps can be divided into the following groups: general (basic) and special.

General Soil maps show the distribution of soil genetic varieties (types, subtypes, etc.).

For various practical purposes, special(thematic) soil maps, among which the following groups can be distinguished.

• 1. Soil reclamation maps.
• 2. Maps of soil properties: a) agrochemical (humus, pH, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.) (Fig. 10.3); b) salinity maps (total content of water-soluble salts, toxic salts and individual ions); c) ecological (gross and mobile forms of microelements, pesticides and other pollutants); d) soil erosion.
• 3. Evaluation cards: a) quantitative-evaluation (bonitet); b) qualitative and evaluative (agricultural production, land reclamation, etc.).
• 4. Educational and educational cards.

Rice. 103.

Soil maps are varied. They depict one or more properties, which are given in quantitative terms or in the form of a ranked series.

The scorecards give a complete picture of the quality of the land, its current use and recommendations for future use.

Educational and general educational maps are designed for a wide range of readers and are made on a small or medium scale, are contained in textbooks, atlases, and are often accompanied by drawings that depict morphological soil profiles.

Methods for displaying information on soil maps. The soil cover is a continuous (continuous) formation. When mapping it, the main task is to identify the same type of contours - soil areas, the area of ​​which can be displayed on a map of a given scale.

The classification of soils makes it possible to distinguish in space different homogeneous areas according to classification criteria and to reveal the patterns of soil distribution within a given territory.

The distribution of soils on soil maps is shown by the area method (Figure 10.4).

Rice. 10.4.

To indicate the areas of various genetic units (types, subtypes, etc.), a background color is used. Soils with similar genetic properties are shown on the map in similar shades and tones. For certain groups of soils, certain colors are assigned:

• soils of the tundra zone - shades of grayish-bluish color;
• podzolic soils - pink;
• forest gray - gray or lilac-gray;
• chernozems and chestnut soils - various shades and tones of brown;
• soils of semi-deserts and deserts - grayish-yellow;
• swampy soils - in bright blue tones;
• alluvial, meadow soils - green;
• salt licks and salt marshes - purple.

Each soil contour has a certain soil index or system of indices, showing the composition of soil complexes and combinations (Dk - soddy-calcareous soils, K + C - chestnut and solonetzes).

Various types of shading are used to show the granulometric composition of soils; areas of stony soils and rocks are highlighted with special icons.

The contribution of V.A. Kovdy in soil mapping

A significant contribution to soil mapping was made by V.A. Kovda... He, like I.P. Gerasimov and many other soil scientists, visited many countries for scientific purposes, published a large number of articles on the soils of certain regions of the globe. On his initiative, a project for the creation of a "World Map of Soils" was adopted, on the basis of cooperation between scientists and specialists from 65 countries. In 1975 V.A. Kovda and E.V. Lobova et al. Compiled a world soil map on a scale of 1: 10 million. The legend to it is based on the genetic and geochemical principle.

The development of the FAO / UNESCO Soil Map of the World at a scale of 1: 5 million was undertaken on the recommendation of the International Society of Soil Science (ISP) at its seventh Congress in Madison (USA, 1960). Work began in 1961 / /.

The first version of the Soil World Map was presented to the IX Congress of the MNP in Adelaide (Australia) in 1968, which approved the legend scheme, definitions of soil units and the proposed nomenclature. The first sheets of the Map relating to South America were published already in 1971, the last two sheets out of a total of nineteen sheets were published in 1981, i.e. this work was carried out over a twenty-year period. More than 300 soil scientists from different parts of the world took part in its preparation.

This work, the product of international cooperation, filled the knowledge gap about the world's soil resources. Widespread use has facilitated the comparison and correlation of soils, understanding soil conditions and their potential, has provided a useful tool for planning agricultural and economic development.

When compiling the Soil Map of the World, the following tasks were set:

Give the first assessment of the world's soil resources;

Provide a scientific basis for the transfer of experience between areas with the same natural conditions;

Promote the introduction of generally acceptable soil classification and nomenclature;

Establish common grounds for more detailed research in developing areas;

Create a foundational document for education, science and development activities;

Strengthen international contacts in the field of soil science.

The global inventory of the world's soil resources has been especially valuable in an era when countries have become increasingly interconnected in obtaining food and other agricultural products. There has been international concern about land degradation issues, the imbalance between production capacity and the carrying capacity of the land in relation to the population. The Soil World Map has served as the basis for defining development policies and optimizing land use on a global scale through the development of the World Map of Desertification (FAO / UNESCO / WMO, 1977), the methodology for assessing soil degradation (FAO / UNEP / Unesco, 1979) and the study of the potential bearing capacity of lands in population in the developing world (G. Higgins et al., 1982). The Soil World Map made it possible to identify the world zones of agro-ecological equivalence, determining the suitability of different regions for the production of various agricultural products. This study laid the scientific foundations for the transfer of experience between areas with similar natural conditions and for establishing complementarity(complementary structures fit together like a key to a lock) territories with different production potentials.

Control questions

1. Why is soil mapping considered a "driving belt" between theoretical soil science and the practice of soil use in the national economy?

2. What was the continuity between K.D. Glinka and L.I. Prasolov in soil science?

3. What soil maps were compiled by L.I. Prasolov and under his leadership?

4. On the basis of which L.I. Did Prasolov calculate the land resources of the USSR and the world?

5. What new subtype of chernozem was established by L.I. Prasolov?

6. In what work did L.I. Prasolov formulated the definition of soil type?

7. What stage in the development of genetic soil science is considered by L.I. Prasolova?

8. What is the three-volume edition edited by L.I. Prasolov was published in 1939 and what is it dedicated to?

9. Describe the research and organizational activities of L.I. Prasolova.

10. How was the contribution of L.I. Prasolova in soil science?

11. In what areas of soil science, in addition to soil cartography, did I.P. Gerasimov?

12. What soil-cartographic works of Gerasimov were published in 1964 in the physical and geographical atlas of the world?

13. What is the essence of Gerasimov's teaching on soil-climatic facies? How many soil-climatic facies are allocated to them on the territory of the USSR?

14. What was established by Gerasimov new in the doctrine of the vertical zoning of Dokuchaev?

15. What method was used by Gerasimov to estimate the age of soils?

16. Describe the research, teaching and organizational activities of I.P. Gerasimov.

17. How was the contribution of I.P. Gerasimov to science?

18. What is the contribution of V.А. Kovdy in soil mapping?

19. When did the development of the Soil World Map start?

20. How many sheets of the Soil Map of the World were published and for what period?

21. What tasks were set when compiling the Soil Map of the World?

22. What opportunities did this Map give to the world community?

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The soil

"Air around the world" - Let's preserve the Earth's atmosphere. I breathe, and, therefore, I live ... The air that we breathe. Warm air lifts us to the clouds. Air is a mixture of gases. Fuzzies. Air keeps warm well. On Triton. The world. Can you see the air? Protect the forest and the ocean!

Soils - Soils and soil resources. What does soil mean "mirror of the landscape"? Who was the founder of the new science "Soil Science"? Soil types in Russia. What factors influence soil formation? Soil profile Meadow felt, What does soil fertility depend on? Knowledge check. What is soil? Fill in the table "Soil types".

"Protection of nature" - And small fish ... And our green forest. Why did You arise in the eternal course, Which the mind could not determine. LET'S SAVE THE NATURE Completed by: Kochetygov Ilya, 5 "B". Beauty ... Let's protect and preserve our nature! And man without nature? ... Nature can exist without man, Man! I would like to be transported here ...

"Multicolored rainbow" - And the seven-colored arc overlooks the meadows. Know, Hunter. Why is the rainbow multicolored? Where. Colors of rainbow. Each. The sun is shining and laughing, And the rain is pouring on the Earth. Desires. Is sitting. Pheasant. The work of the primary school teacher Kucherova I.V. The sun's rays, falling into raindrops in the sky, break up into multi-colored rays.

"Children and Nature" - Omul. Birds should not only be loved -. There are few such beautiful creations of nature on the planet as sacred Baikal! Yellowfly. The guys actively participated in all environmental activities. Writer Valentin Rasputin about Baikal. Eco-project of the 4th class “The nature of the native land. Eco-project 2-3 class. "Secrets of forest dwellers".

"Inhabitants of the soil" - Medvedka. Ground beetle. The soil. May beetle larva. A. Teterin. There is a wonderful storeroom on Earth. Ciliates. A bucket of potatoes in a wonderful pantry turns into twenty buckets. The shovel said, "Earth to dig." The boots said, "Earth to walk." Mole. Woodlice. Scolopendra. And people said: "Earth to live!".

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With the help of this soil map of the Moscow region, you can see with great accuracy what type of soil is in your chosen place. For example, when choosing a place to buy a summer cottage, you can check if there are peat bogs nearby, which are a constant hotbed of peat fires and smoke, how fertile the soil is in a potential site, and whether it will require additional investments to improve it. An explanatory note is attached to the map.

Map compiled in 1985. Scale 1: 300000. Responsible map editor: Anatoly Ivanovich Satalkin. Special content for the soil map was compiled and developed by S.V. Mitkov and N.V. Litvinov under the leadership of A.V. Tsyganova and A.K. Ogleznev (Central State Design Institute for Land Management) with the participation of N.V. Loshakova (Institute of Soil Science and Photosynthesis, USSR Academy of Sciences). Editorial board of the series of bast soil maps: A.Z. Rodin - chairman of the editorial board, M.I. Andryunova - executive secretary, A.A. Zhirov, N.V. Komov, E.P. Kulikov, V.P. Sotnikov, Yu.V. Fedorin, I.N. Stepanov, L.L. Shishov.

State Agroindustrial Committee of the RSFSR, All-Russian Industrial Design Association for the Use of Land Resources, Central State Design Institute for Land Management. The map was prepared for publication by the Production Cartographic Association "Kartografiya" in 1988 and published in 1989. Editor N.P. Fetisov. Technical editors N.P. Belova and S.N. Zubko. The circulation of the card was 1000 copies, the price was 1 rub. Administrative division is given for 1987.

The soil map of the Moscow region is one of eleven maps of the Central District, compiled using a unified technology and published by the PKO "Cartography (Moscow Region) and the Minsk Map Factory of the Main Directorate for Geodesy and Cartography under the Soviet Min. USSR during 1987-1990. Also similar maps are known: Bryansk Oblast 1: 200000 1988, Vladimirskaya 1: 200000 1987, Ivanovskaya 1: 200000 1988, Kaluga 1: 200000 1989, Kostromskaya 1: 300000 1990, Ryazanskaya 1: 200000 1988, Smolenskaya 1: 200000 1989, Tverskoy 1: 400000 1990, Tula 1: 200000 1987 and Yaroslavl region 1: 300000 1991

After the preparation and binding of this map for display on the site, the executive editor of this and other maps of this series contacted us: Anatoly Ivanovich, and this is what he briefly said: " For this soil map and the maps listed in the information to it, of which I am also the editor-in-chief, cartographic bases in a certain trapezium (Gauss-Kruger Conformal) were prepared by the state order. They were marked with special cartographic information with which the same factories worked again. Then these were very lengthy processes, both regime and production. Special information was created over two decades in the mode of planned state survey work. And these maps were compiled by soil scientists who participated in these works. The compilation and publication of maps was also carried out in accordance with the scientific, methodological and regulatory documentation approved at the federal level for use in exploration and cartographic work. This map was created at the state level.".

The soil content of the maps was developed by soil scientists working and living on the territory of the listed administrative regions based on materials of a larger (1: 50,000 and 1: 10,000) scale as of 1985-1986. Under the strict regime conditions of that time, the cartographic base was heavily unloaded. Modern published topographic maps of the listed territories on a scale of 1: 200000 and even more so 1: 100000 were not possible at that time even to be presented in the open press.

The compilers used a little trick. The lines obtained by transforming isohypsum on closed topographic maps at a scale of 1: 100000 (1 km in one centimeter) were used as the boundaries of the soil sections. Stepanov "Morphoisograf" line of zero curvature separating all rises and falls in the direction along the thalweg (rivers, etc.). To distinguish the boundaries in the perpendicular direction, the traditional division of the territory by isohypsum into near-watershed areas, slopes and their parts, terraces above the floodplain, floodplains and their parts were used.

We must pay tribute to the direct compilers, named on the published maps, for their enormous, noble work on "shoveling" all large-scale maps on the entire territory of the regions, including forest and peat funds. If you transform the scale of soil maps in accordance with the published topographic maps, you can ensure their very tight "binding".

We can say with confidence: it will not be possible to draw up similar maps with the same detail of soil information in the next 30-50 years, because in the perestroika 90s, not only the service of regular continuous soil surveys in the system of the Ministry of Agriculture was destroyed, later Gosagroprom, Roskomzem, Rosreestr, Rosstroy , but also most of the primary materials of the soil survey. At the time of publication, the soil maps favorably differed in their detail and information content even from map fragments for similar territories, which caused the displeasure of some leading scientific colleagues - luminaries who did not get on this "train".

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