Map of Poshekhonsky district of the Yaroslavl province in 1908. Old maps of Poshekhonsky district

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Historical information on the province

The territory of the Yaroslavl province bordered: in the northeast - with the districts of Vologda and Gryazovets - the Vologda province, in the east - with Buisk, Kostroma and Nerekhtsky - Kostroma province, in the south and southeast - with Shuisky, Suzdal, Yuryevsky and Pereyaslavl in the west - with Kalyazinsky, Kashinsky and Vesyegonsky - Tverskaya, in the northwest - with the Cherepovets district - Novgorod province. The administrative boundary was mostly defined by conventional lines, but in many places it coincided with the natural boundaries. The view of the territory of the province on the geographical map resembles an almost regular trapezoid, with two large sides facing south-east and south-west, and two smaller ones to the north-east and north-west.

The province had the greatest extent in the direction from north to south between the northern end of the Poshekhonsky district and the southern end of Rostov, approximately 254 versts, the greatest width from east to west between the eastern end of the Lyubimsky district and the western Mologsky - 217 versts. The area of ​​the Yaroslavl province was 31,293.5 sq. versts, or 646.76 sq. m. By the size of its province belongs to the smallest; it ranked 45th among 50 provinces of European Russia. Administratively, the Yaroslavl province is divided into 10 counties: Danilovsky, Lyubimsky, Mologsky, Myshkinsky, Poshekhonsky, Romanovo-Borisoglebsky, Rostovsky, Rybinsky, Uglichsky and Yaroslavsky. 11 cities (one substandard - Petrovsk). At the beginning of the 20th century, the province acquired its composition in 1822, when the former 11th district of Borisoglebsk was united with Romanovsky and both cities were united into one district - Romanov-Borisoglebsk. The most significant districts in terms of area are Poshekhonsky (5234.3 sq. Versts) and Mologsky (4437.6), the smallest is Danilovsky (1885.4); the rest in space fluctuate between 3745.3 (Rostov) and 2164.3 (Myshkinsky).

The surface of the province is flat, modified not so much by elevations as by lowlands and hollows, which sometimes take the appearance of mountains on the outskirts. The general main slope of the area of ​​the Yaroslavl province, determined by the course of the Volga, Mologa and Sheksna, goes in the direction from the northwest in the southeast, in particular, the ridges of hills rush to the southwest. half - mainly from south to north, and in the north-east. - from North to South. Horus, in the true sense of the word, is not; there are only hills, more or less gentle, falling steeply only to the river beds. The highest point of the province in the south-west. parts of the Yaroslavl district, near the Blagoveshchensky churchyard, on the Kholm (800 feet above the Volga level). From the Annunciation Hill, very noticeable and continuous branches of heights diverge in three directions: to C - to Romanov-Borisoglebsk, to E - to S. Pyatnitskaya Gora and from here, parallel to the Moscow highway, on ss. Karabikha and Kresto-Bogorodskoe; finally to Z - on p. Nikulskoe; then, leaning towards Yu, on p. Davydovo, goes in a westerly direction parallel to the current of the rch. Estuaries. Another similar ridge of hills runs on the right side of the rch. Mouths, forming slopes for the rrch with their ramifications. Sarah and Gdy. The most significant elevations of these branches are seen on the Moscow highway, at ss. Lyubilok and Poklonov. In the north-east, or the Trans-Volga part of the province, the most elevated area under the mountains. Danilov, from where the ridges pass, then lowering, then disappearing, to the west in the Romanovo-Borisoglebsk district, and to the south near the border of the Yaroslavl district In the Poshekhonsky district, more noticeable heights are found in the sowing. half, apparently having a connection with the rivals that lie in the Vologda province. The space between Mologa and Sheksna is a lowland filled with lakes and swamps, significantly covered with forests. This area is prone to so strong floods in the spring that the waters of the Mologa and Sheksna merge with each other. In general, the app. part of the province is a hollow.

Population

According to the census of 1897 in the Ya. Province, 1,071,355 inhabitants. (460597 mzhch. And 610758 women.). Urban residents 146,310 (75507 men and 70803 women), rural - 925,045 (385490 men and 539955 women). The general population density in the province is 34.3 people. for 1 sq. a mile; in individual counties, it fluctuates greatly: for example, in the Yaroslavl district, 1 sq. a verst falls 69.6 hours, in Poshekhonskoye - only 21.2; the population density in the remaining counties is between 40.2 (Myshkinsky) and 23.9 (Lyubimsky). In the northwestern part of the province, the population density is below average, in the rest - higher. Populated places 9784; an average of 1 village falls on every 3 sq. versts. Small villages (1-5 households) account for 24% (in the Romanovo-Borisoglebsk district there are over 40%); villages with 6 to 10 households, almost 28%; large villages (over 100 dv.) in the entire province 21 (0.5%). The most sparsely populated villages, with up to 10 people, make up 2.6%. The most populous villages, numbering more than a thousand inhabitants, are only 9: in the Yaroslavl district 3, in the Romanovo-Borisoglebsky district - 1, in the Rostov district - 4, in the Uglich district - 1. The population is Great Russian; only in the Mologa district along the river. City "sitskari" originate from the Karelians (see Karelians), who came here in the 17th century; they retained the type and some properties of the Finnish tribe. In addition, representatives of other nationalities live in the cities; there are no more than 6,000 of them. (0.6%). Orthodox and co-religionists - 1,056,762, Old Believers and those who deviate from Orthodoxy - 9,638, Roman Catholic. - 1669, Protestants - 1356, other Christians - 7, Jews - 1719; other non-Christians - 204. Hereditary nobles - 4269 people, personal nobles - 7011, persons of clergy - 14795, hereditary and personal citizens - 5226, merchants - 5052, burghers - 77000, peasants - 943,312, Cossacks - 67, foreigners - 1, Finnish natives, without distinction of class - 20, persons who do not belong to the named classes - 2735, foreign nationals - 287, persons who did not indicate their belonging to any class in the census - 563. Women strongly prevail among the rural population, where at 539955 ... there are 385090 mzhch., in the urban population - 75507 mzhch. and 70803 women. In 1901, 46964 persons were born, 43467 died, 8912 marriages were committed. The percentage of illegitimate births fluctuates between 3 and 4. The percentage of both fertility and mortality of males and females is almost the same. More than 40% of mortality occurs in children under 1 year of age; from 1 to 5 years - up to 13% and from 6 to 10 years - about 3%. A large mortality rate is observed among the urban population.

In 1898 there were buildings: stone - 5734, wooden - 307959; the cities of the first account for 4102, the second for 11571. Living quarters of stone - 2330, wooden - 182518. Fire cases for 25 years, from 1870 to 1894, were 15897, 58197 buildings burned, the amount of loss - 27828333 rubles.

Administrative division

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The old Poshekhonsky district was formed in 1541 on the lands that previously constituted the Belozersky district (existed since 1486), without a district town. Since 1719, as part of the Poshekhonskaya province of the Petersburg province, and since 1727 - as part of the Yaroslavl province of the vast Moscow province. In 1777, during the administrative reform of Catherine II, it was included in the new Nizhny Novgorod governorship, which was reorganized into the province of the same name under Paul the First in 1796. The northernmost and one of the two largest counties of the province (the second is Mologsky) After the establishment of the Yaroslavl governorship and in the entire subsequent pre-revolutionary period of the history of the Yaroslavl province, there were no significant changes in its borders. The district center was the town of Poshekhonye, ​​which arose on the site of the Finno-Ugric village of Pertoma in the 16th century.

Not all known maps are presented on this page.

Map of part of the Ryazan province with Poshekhonsky district in 1821. These county boundaries were preserved until the revolution.

Poshekhonsky district of the time of Paul the First (in 1800), the borders have not changed compared to 1792

Poshekhonsky district of the time of Catherine II (in 1792)

Bordering districts of the Yaroslavl province:

History

In 1486, the Belozersk district was formed, and in 1541, during the period of the strengthening of the Russian state, a new separate administrative unit, Poshekhonsky district, was allocated from the district. The village of Beloe was identified as its center. In 1540, the monk Adrian, who was later canonized, came to the "borders of Poshekhonsky", and from 1543 he began to build a monastery, which played a significant role in the history of the district and the city.

In 1680, the administrative center of the county and its city government were transferred from the village of Beloye to the monastery village of Pertom.

Since 1727, the county has been assigned to Yaroslavl and, as part of the Yaroslavl province, to Moscow province.

Administrative device

In 1862, there were 16 volosts in Poshekhonsky district:

• Davydovskaya volost
• Ermakovskaya volost
• Zaymishchevskaya volost
• Katrinsky parish
• Kolobovskaya volost
• Melenkovskaya volost
• Nikolo-Ramenskaya volost
• Panfilov parish
• Pievskaya volost (Sychevskaya volost)
• Poshekhonskaya volost
• Sokolovskaya volost
• Sofronovskaya volost
• Trushkovskaya volost
• Khmelevskaya volost
• Kholmovskaya volost
• Shchetinskaya volost

Description

According to the Central Statistical Committee (1887), all land in the county is 528421 dessiatines, including 239661 dessiatins of private ownership, 220549 peasant allotments, 62246 dessiatines, monastic and church dessiatines - 5028, city - 937 dessiatines. Of the lands of private owners, 107382 dessiatines belong to nobles, 22857 dessiatines, merchants, 7734 dessiatines, peasants - 100,720 dessiatines, the rest of the land belongs to persons of other classes.

The surface of the district is flat, slightly rising to the north, where the spurs of the Vologda steep hills penetrate into the district. The predominant soil is clayey-sandy, in the northern part it is stony-clayey, in the southern volosts - loamy, in the Pesheksninskaya area - peaty. All rivers belong to the basin Sheksny, which flows mostly along the border of the county and only in places belongs to it on both banks; there are no marinas on Sheksna, within the district. Tributaries of the Sheksna: South, Meat , Sharma , Muzga, Savnecha, Matcoma , Congora , Uhra , Sogozha... The latter irrigates most of the county. It originates in the Vologda province; out of 125 versts of its entire length, 70 are in Poshekhonstky uyezd. Along Sogozha, timber is rafted to Rybinsk, oats, flax and other goods are shipped, but it is navigable for only a little over 2 months. In 1895, 2,448,000 poods of firewood and timber building materials were floated down the river. Rafting in the spring is also carried out along the Matkome, Congor, Yugu, Ukhra and Soge rivers (a tributary of the Sogozhi). There are two lakes in the county, insignificant. There are many swamps; the largest ones lie near the border of the Romanovsky district and on the border of the Vologda province.

The climate is humid and harsh. In the north, large forests along the steep mountains provide protection from cold winds. There are many forests, but in recent years they have been massively destroyed.

According to the center. stat. com. of all forests 231,238 tithes, of which private - 136,532, peasant allotments - 41742, state - 50736, monastic - 251, church - 1478, urban - 499. The main species - Pine , spruce , Birch , aspen , alder... 348 rural communities. Villages - 72, monasteries - 3, villages - 1262, peasant households - 20014.

V 1897 year there were 110333 inhabitants (not counting the town of Poshekhonya) (48920 men and 61413 women). The main occupation is agriculture. Sow mainly winter crops rye , oats , barley , linen , potato... Arable land 106,871 dessiatines, hay and pasture land - 123,604 dessiatines. In 1897, the sown area under winter crops on peasant allotment lands was 29699 dessiatines, on owner's - 4066 dessiatines. Crop rotation is exclusively three-field; small amounts of forage grasses are sown by peasants on purchased lands and only in isolated cases on allotments. Horses - 22872, cattle - 45111 heads, sheep - 24352, pigs - 537. The number of horseless and cowless farms in various volosts of the county ranges from 1 to 12%. Agriculture generally provides little to the local peasants; the missing means of livelihood are obtained by handicrafts and trades. Industrial plants - 814, with production for 261,372 rubles, with 1148 workers. Dairy - 182, windmills - 149, water - 64; creameries - 58, brick factories - 17, leaf workshops - 16, tanneries. - 14, glued - 9; steam mill, a cheese factory, etc. The artisanal cheese-making, which has developed since the beginning of the 1870s, at first assumed a large size, but then, due to the fall in cheese prices, it fell into decay. The artel peasants switched to the production of oil, mainly Holstein oil. According to the calculation of the zemstvo council, the county supplied oil to the market for more than 650,000 rubles a year. Forestry, in addition to delivering firewood for local consumers, was in the hands of nonresident merchants who bought timber for a log house and floated it down the rivers. 1126 householders are engaged in domestic crafts. The most developed trades are furrier, felt, cooper, pottery, tannery, dyeing, cart, shoemaker, joinery, carpentry, bast and bark production, production of shovels, harrows, etc. from wood. Outbound trades poorly developed; in this respect, Poshekhonsky uyezd ranks last in the Yaroslavl province. Leaving to the side make up 10% of the population (in the entire province - 14.6%). In 1896, 12,812 species were issued for absence. They leave mainly in Petersburg, to Moscow, to neighboring provinces and to lower towns. The largest number of people leaving: tailors - 3746 people, employees in taverns and drinking establishments - 812, carpenters - 450, shoemakers - 180, locksmiths, blacksmiths and coppersmiths - 151.

Zemsky elementary schools 45, students 2580 (girls 665); at 7 schools there are night shelters, 28 parochial schools (one church-school), 1092 students (296 girls); 31 literacy schools, 606 students (maids 142). 1 ministerial school with craft classes. Crafts school in the village of Vladychny. There are post offices in 6 villages, including one post-telegraph office.

Zemsky income in 1896 received 93165 rubles. The estimate for 1897 is 105,265 rubles. Obligatory expenses are calculated in 31,223 rubles, optional - 74,042 rubles, including 6308 rubles for the maintenance of the council, 28,310 rubles for the medical unit, 19388 rubles for public education. The zemstvo contains 3 medical centers, 9 reception rooms for paramedics, 7 midwives, a veterinarian and a veterinary paramedic. Volost expenses in 1894 - 43,002 rubles; expenses of rural communities - 41,359 rubles. Wed

Poshekhonsky uyezd was formed in 1777 and lay in the northwestern part of the Yaroslavl province. The county was the largest in terms of area in the province (5,438 sq. Versts). It included the territories of the modern Poshekhonsky and Pervomaisky districts and the western protrusion of the modern Lyubimsky district. In addition, this district included the territory that is now part of the Vologda region of the Molo-Sheksninskaya lowland, flooded by the Rybinsk reservoir.

In ancient times, this land was much larger than the borders of the present Poshekhonsky district. It included significant areas that are now part of the districts bordering Poshekhonsky: Lyubimsky, Danilovsky, Romanovsky and Rybinsky. Next, the entire northern part of the Yaroslavl province and a small share of the Vologda province, i.e. the whole area, lying along the rivers Ukhra, Ukhtoma and Sogozha, in the west - along the "Shekhon". At an earlier time, the Poshekhonskaya side was part of the appanage principality of Yaroslavl. Upon death, in 1344, Prince. Vasily Davidovich Yaroslavsky, his principality was divided into three lands, one of which, inherited by Gleb Vasilyevich, called himself Shekhonsky. This principality existed until 1471, not using, among other small principalities of this region, since the time of John Kalita, any independence. Under John IV, Poshekhonye is already listed in the list of his family estates. During the time of the Pretender and the Interregnum (1608–1613), Poshekhonye was subjected to repeated devastation from the Poles.

During the first division of the Empire, under Peter I, the Poshekhonskaya province without a city was formed from the lands lying along Sheksna. On March 14, 1727, Poshekhonskaya province was abolished and assigned to the provincial city of Yaroslavl. In 1764 Poshekhonye was listed in the Yaroslavl province of the Moscow province.

A significant part of the county was irrigated with medium and small rivers - tributaries of the Sheksna and was covered with forests and swamps. The settlements were grouped along a few hills, drained terraces of river valleys. In terms of soil fertility, the county was considered one of the best in the province. The entire county lay in the Sheksna river basin (with the exception of the headwaters of the Soti). Sheksna, flowing along the border of the county, was navigable along its entire length, but there were no marinas within the territory of the county itself, and loading was carried out in different coastal places. The rivers Yug, Myaksa, Sharma, Muzga, Savnecha, Matkoma, Kongora, Sogozh and Ukhra flowed into Sheksna - all now significantly shortened due to the flooding of their lower reaches by the Rybinsk reservoir.

In addition to Sheksna, the Sogozha River, which was the trade and communication axis of the district, was of particular commercial importance.

Part of the forests of the county was swampy - the Shelshedomsky and Stolypin forests were especially famous for swamps, there were also significant swamps lying in the northeastern part of the county near the village of Isakov on the border with the Vologda province, and in the east of the county near the village of Pykhani. About 34% of the total area was under forests in 1862, the forests were indigenous, mostly coniferous.

According to the information for 1866, 96,246 people lived in the county without a city, 241 of them were noblemen, 29,761 state peasants, 59,284 who emerged from serfdom. In the uyezd, schismatism (963) and common faith - 1,318 people were widespread. In 1866, there were 87 churches in the district (81 stone) and the Adrian monastery for men, 5 versts from the city on the Vetka River, founded in the first half of the 16th century, as well as the Iskaevskaya male hermitage 60 versts from the city. In addition to these monasteries in the district in earlier times, there were the Preobrazhenskaya Sevastyanov's hermitage on the Sahoti River, founded in the 15th century by the Monk Sevastyan and the Tikhvin men's hermitage 20 miles from the city (abolished in 1764), as well as three more deserts Rozhdestvenskaya, Malevskaya , Yugskaya Dimitrievskaya. The Spaso-Lomovskaya Hermitage, founded in the 15th century by St. Ignatius, the church was turned after the abolition of the desert into the parish - the village of Spasskoye, which is on Loma.

The county had two camps; emerged from serfdom are divided into 16 volosts, 349 societies. Residents of the county settled in 1237 settlements, of which 2 settlements, 45 villages, 31 graveyards, 158 villages, 994 villages, 7. The most populated were Spas-Myaksa (947), Mormuzhino (407) and Sannikovo 409.

The main occupations of the inhabitants consisted mainly in arable farming and latrine trades. Up to 32% of the total area was under the fields; in good years, grain was supplied for local consumption. In the county, flax was sown, in 1866 flax was collected in fiber 24 thousand poods, flax was exported. Other branches of agriculture (horticulture, horticulture, cattle breeding and beekeeping) were poorly developed. Forestry consisted in felling and rafting timber, in addition, everywhere they were engaged in the manufacture of carts, sleds, arches, and various wooden products necessary in peasant life. The main handicrafts of the county can be divided into the following five groups: 1) woodworking; 2) metal processing; 3) clay; 4) fibrous substances; and 5) processing of leather and furs. Tailoring is considered to be one of the first handicrafts for the rest.

They went to work either to St. Petersburg, or to Moscow, or to the navigable rivers of their province (Sheksna, Volga, Mologa). The county was the only one in the entire province and was not distinguished by either industry or trade. Factory industry was limited to some distilleries, yet others, in fact, were craft establishments. In 1866, there were 207 such establishments (leather and glue, butter, cheese, sawmills, tar, brick, dyeing).

Fairs in the district gathered in the villages of Pyatnitsky, Shchetinsky, Semenovsky, Spas-Myakse, Bely, Mikhalev, in Roguli, Uspensky, in the South, Ermakov, Voskresensky, in Garbage and Kladovo.

Being the northernmost in the province, rich in forests and sparsely populated, the county was very attractive for schismatics. Even to Metropolitan Demetrius of Rostov, the priest of the village of Pyatnitsky, Beloselskaya volost, Poshekhonsky district reported that in his parish "all kinds of people were burnt in 1920, except for the neighboring villages and villages, in which countless people were deceived by the schismatics." Prince I.I. Golitsyn specially came to his estate, the village of Kosmodemyanskoe, to dissuade his peasants from burning themselves. In the middle of the 19th century, there were many schismatics of all kinds, from co-religionists to wanderers.