From the history of the creation of maps. What is depicted on the map? Railway Route Maps

06.11.2021

"The great geographical discoveries of new time" - Great - At the feet of a pedestrian, And a drip point - In the Universe. Pharaohs. Cook ?????????? 2. The ancient Egyptians built the majestic ... Cook. Columbus. The Earth is spinning From sunrise to sunrise. Columbus landing on the coast of America. And locks. Ancient Rome. Christopher Columbus. 1519 - 1522. The new century - the century of technical inventions.

"The Age of Discoveries" - What is the significance of the Age of Discoveries? James Cook 1768 Marco Polo 13th century. Routes of the most important travels. Vasco Balboa 1513 The era of the great geographical discoveries. Answer the questions: Fernand Magellan 1520. Normans (Vikings) 10th century. Abdel Tasman 1644 Vasco da Gama May 20, 1498

"Discovery" - Destruction of the virtual world of the church. The invisible hand of the market. Sugar, cotton, coffee, cocoa were cultivated. Humanism was the most important ideological prerequisite for nationalism. The result of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the beginning of the 15th - mid-17th century. So, in 1640 the first English fortress was founded in. India - Fort of St.

"Discovery of the Earth" - One of the most famous explorers in Africa. Fridtjof Nansen is one of the greatest Norwegian travelers. Give examples of the relationship between physical and economic geography? During the lesson, complete the following table. F. Nansen. F. Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world. The news of the discovery of new lands by the Spaniards in the west stimulated the efforts of the Portuguese.

"History of the Discovery of the Earth" - Satellite (MODIS) photograph of the Strait of Magellan. Primitive people and nature. CHRISTOPHOR COLUMBUS, portrait of an unknown artist, 16th century IGDA / G. Fernand Magellan. Washington. Antonio Pigafetta. Middle Ages. Columbus's name on the world map. In 1519-21 he led a Spanish expedition to find the western route to the Moluccas.

"Development of the territories of Russia" - Geographic objects studied and discovered from the XI-XX centuries. Tests for verification. C) to the third. B) Siberia, Ural Mountains, Irtysh, Ob. B) XIX-XX centuries. B) to the fifth. Geographical objects studied and discovered since the XI-XX centuries. A) Frozen sea, Murmansk coast, Karelian coast. Questions to check. How they mastered and studied the territory of Russia.

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It is impossible to establish when the person made the first card. It is only known that many millennia before our era, people already knew the surrounding area well and knew how to depict it on sand or tree bark. These cartographic images served to indicate the routes of migrations, hunting places, etc.

With the development of the economy and the cultural needs of people, their horizons expanded. Many hundreds of years have passed. People, in addition to hunting and fishing, began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture. This new, higher level of culture was reflected in the drawings-plans. They become more detailed, more expressive, more accurately convey the character of the area.

One of the oldest images of the hunting grounds of the North Caucasus has survived to this day. It was engraved on silver around 3000 BC. e., i.e. about 5 thousand years ago. The figure shows a lake and rivers flowing into it, flowing from a mountain range. Animals that lived in those days on the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains or in the valleys are also depicted here.

This most valuable cultural monument of the ancient inhabitants of our country was found by scientists during excavations of one of the mounds on the banks of the river. Kuban near Maykop.

Under the slave system in the ancient world, the compilation of geographical maps reached a great development. The Greeks established the sphericity of the Earth and its dimensions, introduced cartographic projections, meridians and parallels into science.

One of the most famous scientists of the ancient world, the geographer and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, who lived in the city of Alexandria (at the mouth of the Nile River) in the 2nd century, compiled a detailed map of the Earth, which no one had ever created before.

This map depicts three parts of the world - Europe, Asia and Libya (as Africa was then called), as well as the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and other seas. The map already has a degree grid. Ptolemy introduced this grid to more accurately depict the spherical shape of the Earth on the map. The rivers, lakes, peninsulas of Europe and North Africa known at that time are shown quite accurately on the map of Ptolemy.

If we compare the map of Ptolemy with the modern one, then it is easy to see that the areas located far from the Mediterranean Sea region, that is, known to Ptolemy only from rumors, received fantastic outlines.

It is especially striking that Asia is not depicted in its entirety. Ptolemy did not know where it ended in the north and east. He also did not know about the existence of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Africa continues on the map to the South Pole and turns into some kind of land that connects in the east with Asia. Ptolemy did not know that Africa ends in the south and is washed by the ocean. He also did not know about the existence of independent continents - America, Antarctica and Australia. Ptolemy portrayed the Indian Ocean as an enclosed sea, into which it is impossible to go by ships from Europe. And yet, in the ancient world and in subsequent centuries, up to the 15th century, no one made a better map of the world than Ptolemy.

Ancient Egyptian map of gold mines, the so-called Turin papyrus. The map is a connection of the plan drawing with the profile one. This is a cartographic technique used until the 18th century. The mountains are shown in profile. The plan shows: a gold-bearing vein; a temple consisting of two halls and adjoining rooms; mining workers' settlement; ore washing basin.

The Romans used maps extensively for administrative and military purposes; they have drawn up road maps.

During the Middle Ages, the achievements of ancient science were forgotten for a long time. The Church entered into a fierce struggle with scientific ideas about the structure and origin of the world.

In schools, they taught tales about the creation of the world by God in six days, about the flood, about heaven and hell. The idea of the sphericity of the Earth was considered "heretical" by the churchmen and was strictly persecuted. The concept of the Earth has taken on an absolutely fantastic form. In the VI century. Byzantine merchant - monk Kozma Indikoplov depicted the Earth in the form of a rectangle.

The main type of maps is becoming rough, far from reality and devoid of a scientific basis "monastery maps". They bear witness to the decline of cartography in medieval Europe. During this period, many small closed states arose in Europe. With a subsistence economy, these feudal states did not need connections with the outside world.

By the end of the Middle Ages, trade and navigation began to develop in the cities of Europe, art and science flourished.

In the XIII-XIV centuries. in Europe, a compass and nautical charts, the so-called portolans, appear.

On these maps, the coastline was depicted in detail and very accurately, and the inner parts of the continents remained empty or filled with pictures from the life of the peoples inhabiting them.

The era of great geographical discoveries created the conditions for the rise of cartographic science: navigators needed a good, truthful geographical map. In the ХVІ century. more correct maps appeared, built in new cartographic projections.

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Key dates.Traveler's name.His contribution to the development of geographical knowledge about the territory of Russia.
1.1620-1623 (way to the East) - to Chukotka and Kamchatka.Pantelei Demidovich Penda.Discoverer of the Lena River. Penda climbed the Yenisei from Turukhanskado of the Lower Tunguska, then for three years walked to its upper reaches. I reached the Chechuysky portage, crossing the portage, sailed down the Lena River to the city of Yakutsk, to the mouth of the Kulenga, then the Buryat steppe to the Angara, where, having embarked on ships, through Yeniseisk arrived in Turukhansk.
2.1639-1640 Ivan Moskvitin.He was the first of the Europeans to reach the Sea of Okhotsk, and the first to visit Sakhalin. The coast of the Sea of Okhotsk was discovered and surveyed for 1300 km, the Udskaya Bay, the Sakhalin Bay, the Amur Estuary, the Amur estuary and the Sakhalin Island.
3.1628-1655Pyotr Beketov.Voivode, explorer of Siberia. Founder of a number of Siberian cities such as Yakutsk, Chita, Nerchinsk. In 1628-1629 he took part in the expeditions along the Angara. I went to Lena's inflows a lot. He founded several sovereign stockades on the Yenisei, Lena and Transbaikalia.
4.1641-1652 Mikhail Vasilievich Stadukhin.Russian explorer,explorer of North-Eastern Siberia, one of the first to reach the rivers Kolyma, Anadyr, Penzhina and Gizhiga and the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. He was the first to cross the Oymyakon plateau.In the early summer of 1643, Stadukhin descended the Indigirkek Sea and headed east. In July 1643 he opened the mouth of the Kolyma and going up the river to the middle course, he revealed the Kolyma lowland.
5.1630-1635 Vasily Ermolaevich Bugor.In 1630-1635 Vasily Bugor discovered new lands in Siberia and the Far East, identified a significant part of the Lena basin, traced its entire course (4400 km), as well as a number of tributaries.
6.1633-1634 Ivan Rebrov.In 1633-1634 explorers led by Ivan Rebrovwent along the Lena River to the Arctic Ocean. Expedition Rebrova was the first to descend to the mouth of Lenaby opening the Oleneksky Baywith the river Olenok (1634)
7.1643-1646 Vasily Poyarkov.Russian explorer, Cossack. Discoverer of the Middle and Lower Amur. In 1643-1646, he led a detachment that was the first of the Russians to penetrate the Amur River basin, discovered the Zeya River, the Zeya Plain. Collected valuable information about the nature and population of the Amur region.
8.1649-1653 Erofey Khabarov.In 1649-53 made a trip along the Amur, diverting the Urka river into it to the very lower reaches. As a result of his expedition, the Amur indigenous population took Russian citizenship. Often he acted by force, which left him with a bad reputation among the indigenous population.
9.1648-1649 Semyon Dezhnev.Cossack chieftain, pathfinder, traveler, sailor, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia. Participated in the opening of the Kolyma as part of the Stadukhin detachment. From the Kolyma to the kochakh I walked along the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of Chukotka. 80 years before Vitus Bering, the first European in 1648 passed the (Bering) Strait separating Chukotka and Alaska.
10.1648 g.Popov Fedot Alekseevich.Russian merchant, organizer and participant of the expedition1648, which discovered the Strait (Bering Strait) between Asia and North America , from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.
11. 1696-1697 Vladimir Atlasov.Experienced polar explorer. O organized an expedition to explore Kamchatka at the beginning of 1697. Atlasov was not the discoverer of Kamchatka, but he was the first Russian who passed the entire peninsula from north to south and from west to east. He made a detailed map of his journey. His report contained detailed information about the climate, flora and fauna. For the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Vladimir Atlasov, by decision of the government, was appointed there as a salesman.

People are vain. Bloggers are even more conceited. They are measured by places in the top, social capital and other attributes of success in virtual life. Travel bloggers are triple vain. They have the opportunity to compete in the number of countries and cities visited, in kilometers of routes and flights. Fortunately, on the Internet, there are enough all kinds of services that allow you to visualize and calculate your travel achievements. The main such tool is travel maps. I am not trying to make a review of sites and programs that allow you to map your travels. There are a lot of them. I'll tell you only about those that I use myself.

Although I'm not a blogger or a traveler, curiosity and vanity are not alien to me either. I also try to keep statistics of travels and maps are my favorite tool for this.

In this post, I will limit myself to post-facto travel mapping (mapping routes already traveled). Maps used on-line during travel (both paper and electronic), navigation and building routes on-line are a topic for a separate discussion.

Maps of visited countries

The most global map available to a tourist or traveler, unless of course he patched up to Mars - a map of visited countries. Such a map usually performs the function of a counter, indicating the number of countries.

You can find at least a dozen sites that allow you to create such a map interactively and provide an embed code on your page, for example, in LiveJournal.

They differ in ease of use, graphics and, most importantly, in the approach to the number of countries. Someone considers only officially recognized independent states, someone also includes territories with a special status (for example, Hong Kong and Macau), and someone does not find some little-known countries like my beloved Kiribati.

I use the very first service that appeared on the network (http://douweosinga.com), which generates the simplest graphical map:

This service counts only "official" countries, of which I have accumulated 61.

Maps of visited regions by country

This type of map allows you to paint the visited regions on the world or country map. This makes sense, first of all, for large countries with a federal structure, so there are such services for the USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Russia.

For Russia, such maps can be built using at least two services - www.visited.ru and http://xtalk.msk.su/rusmap/.

Maps of visited places and cities

Some services allow you to combine countries visited and places visited. True, the choice of seats remains the privilege of the authors of the service and is not always clear.

RunKeeper draws routes in GoogleMaps and stores them on its website in the user's account.

For example, here is a map of 12 km walking Riga from RunKeeper with additional information (time, pace, calories, terrain and pace change graph):

And this is a GPS tracking walk in San Francisco with a length of 16 km:

The only big drawback of RunKeeper "a is its glitchiness. For long routes, it often hangs and does not allow recording the entire route. However, this may not be related to the application, but to its carrier.

Railway Route Maps

For these purposes, I have not found a suitable service. I built a map of my routes by rail in Google's Maps Engine, not caring too much about the accuracy of the display of railways. On a small scale, it looks like this:

Flight maps and databases

Here, unlike the railway, there are several good services that allow you to maintain a database of air flights and display them on a map. I use Flight Memory (http://www.flightmemory.com) and Open Flights (http://openflights.org/) services. One of them is better suited for maintaining a base of flights, and the other is better at building maps. Fortunately, Flight Memory data can be imported into Open Flights.

Both services allow you to maintain a database of air flights, generate a lot of entertaining statistics and flight maps.

For example, here is my general flight statistics for 2010-2012 (I was too lazy to enter earlier flights) from Flight Memory:

And here are the statistics for airports, airlines, planes, routes:

Flight Memory generates separate maps for domestic and international flights, which is inconvenient in my opinion. This is how my map of international flights for 2010-12 from Flight Memory looks like:

The map from Open Flights seems to me to be more successful in terms of the schedule, and it does not divide flights into domestic and international. My 2012 flight map (21):

Good luck satisfying your curiosity and vanity. The cards are dealt.

Travel technologies. Country and Route Maps May 26th, 2013

Although I'm not a blogger or a traveler, curiosity and vanity are not alien to me either. I also try to keep statistics of travels and maps are my favorite tool for this.

Maps of visited countries

You can find at least a dozen sites that allow you to create such a map interactively and provide an embed code on your page, for example, in LiveJournal.

I use the very first service that appeared on the network (http://douweosinga.com), which generates the simplest graphical map (1):

This service counts only "official" countries, of which I have accumulated 61.

Another version of the map - from http://bighugelabs.com - looks good, but adds Hong Kong, Macau and the Aland Islands to me (2):

The nicest in terms of graphics, but not the most convenient for inserting into your site is a map from http://www.ammap.com/ (3):

Maps of visited regions by country

For Russia, such maps can be built using at least two services - www.visited.ru and http://xtalk.msk.su/rusmap/.

Maps of visited places and cities

Some services allow you to combine countries visited and places visited. True, the choice of seats remains the privilege of the authors of the service and is not always clear.

RunKeeper draws routes in GoogleMaps and stores them on its website in the user's account.

For example, here is a map of a 12-kilometer walking tour in Riga from RunKeeper with additional information (time, pace, calories, terrain and a graph of the pace change) (15):

And this is a GPS tracking of a walk in San Francisco with a length of 16 km (16):

RunKeeper's only big drawback is its glitchiness. With long routes, it often hangs and does not allow recording the entire route. However, this may be due not to the application, but to its carrier.

Railway Route Maps

Flight maps and databases

Both services allow you to maintain a database of air flights, generate a lot of entertaining statistics and flight maps.

For example, here is my general flight statistics for 2010-2012 (I was too lazy to enter earlier flights) from Flight Memory (18):

And here are the statistics for airports, airlines, planes, routes (19):

The map from Open Flights seems to me to be more successful in terms of the schedule, and it does not divide flights into domestic and international. My 2012 flight map (21):

Questions

With all the variety of services for building route and travel maps, there are no ideal tools. In this regard, several questions remain.

Are there any universal services for keeping travel statistics with routes and maps - like Flight Memory, but for any type of movement?

Are there specialized services for building routes by rail and by sea?

Well, I will be glad to any advice on the topic.

Good luck satisfying your curiosity and vanity. The cards are dealt.